Quantitative Determination of Total Hardness In Drinking Water Essay

Abstract This experiment is about the determination of water hardness through the use of complexometric EDTA titration. Determination of water hardness is important to find out the most suitable water hardness under particular circumstances. This was conducted for the purpose of applying the concept of complexometric titration using an efficient chelating agent, EDTA. Sample mineral water was analyzed using standard EDTA with EBT as indicator, and calcium ions present in the solution were calculated to determine the hardness of the water sample. At the end of the experiment, the results indicated that the mineral sample water has large amounts of calcium and magnesium ions—an implication of a hard water sample. INTRODUCTION Water hardness is a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium present in sample water. These calcium and magnesium ions have the capacity to replace sodium or potassium ions and form sparingly soluble products or precipitates. Water hardness is involved in various aspects of industrial and biochemical processes. Large amounts of ppm CaCO3 in water can form precipitates when interacted with soap and form rings known as â€Å"scum† in several utensils and appliances. The formation of these â€Å"scum† in electrical appliances degrades its efficiency and will eventually reduce its life span. In addition, these can cause impairments on fabric as well, and damage water treatment plants and piping systems at a water hardness of 300 ppm CaCO3. Calcium is necessary for aquatic animals such as fish. It serves an  important role in bone formation, blood clotting, and metabolic processes of the fish and prevents the loss of important salts in the body which helps in the functioning of its vital organs such as the heart. Small amounts of calcium in water can be life-threatening to aquatic organisms like the fish. Thus, determination of water hardness is important. One method of determining water hardness is through complexometric titration. In this process, a ligand is involved in the said titration. Metal ion reacts with a particular ligand forming a complex and the equivalence point is determined by an indicator. The  ligand used in the experiment is Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) with Eriochrome Black T indicator. EDTA is an efficient chelating agent and has an ability to bind with metal ions. Because of this, EDTA is also used in food preservation, an anti-coagulant in blood, and, when EDTA is combined with Fe(II), can even be used as an effective absorbent of harmful NO (nitric oxide). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the hardness of water through complexometric titration. METHODOLOGY Before the actual experiment, solutions of 500 mL of 0.1000 M stock EDTA solution, 250 mL of 0.0100 M standard EDTA solution, 250 mL of 0.050 M standard CaCO3 solution, 50 mL of 0.0050 M working standard CaCO3 solution, and 250 mL of 1.0 M NH3-NH4+ buffer solution were prepared quantitatively. In this experiment, the titrant used was Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), a polydentate with six bonding sites. Polydentates aid in obtaining sharper endpoints since they react more completely with cations. Likewise, reaction with polydentates only involves a single step process compared to using monodentates as titrants which involves at least two intermediate species. Among polydentates, EDTA was chosen as the titrant since it is versatile and forms most sufficiently stable chelates because of its several complexing sites which gives rise to a cage-like structure isolating the cations from solvent molecules. For the preparation of 500 mL of 0.1000 M stock EDTA solution, 18.6 g of Na2H2EDTA2H2O was weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg and was transferred into a 400 mL beaker. 200 mL of distilled water  and 1.0 g MgCl26H2O crystals were added into the beaker and mixed until the crystals were dissolved. MgCl26H2O was added to obtain a sharper endpoint since CaIn- complex ion is less stable and endpoint will come earlier than actual. The solution was heated for faster dissolution and NaOH pellets were added to the turbid solution to produce salt EDTA making the pH of the solution higher and increasing the solubility of the EDTA. Into a 500 mL volumetric flask, the solution was transferred and was diluted to mark with distilled water. The solution was stored in a dry and clean reagent bottle. The 250 mL of 0.0100 M standard EDTA solution was prepared by getting 25 mL from 0.1000 M stock EDTA solution and diluting it to mark with distilled water in a 250 mL volumetric flask. For the preparation of 250 mL of 0.050 M standard CaCO3 solution, 1.2510 g of pure CaCO3 was weighed to the nearest 0.1mg into a 250 mL beaker and 20 mL distilled water was added. Drops of 6 M HCl were added until the CaCO3 was completely dissolved. The beaker was covered using a watch glass and was put over a hot plate. The solution was evaporated until an amount of 10 mL was left. After cooling the solution, the washings were collected by rinsing the watch glass into the beaker using distilled water. 20 mL more distilled water was added into the solution and it was transferred into a 250-mL volumetric flask. The solution was diluted to mark and was stored in a plastic polyethylene bottle since glass bottle can leach and ions from it will contaminate the solution. The 50 mL of 0.0050 M working standard CaCO3 solution was prepared by dilution of 5 mL 0.050 M standard CaCO3 into a 50-mL volumetric flask. For NH3-NH4+ buffer solution of pH 10, 2.06 g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 14.3 mL of concentrated ammonia and was diluted to mark in a 250-mL volumetric flask. Buffer solution was used since buffers are resistant to pH changes[13]. Maintaining the pH is important in preventing interference of other species during titration since different chelates form at a particular pH.[14] For the standardization of 0.01 M EDTA Solution, 10 mL each of 0.0050 M working standard CaCO3 solution was transferred into each of the three 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask using a pipette. Then, into each flask, 75 mL of distilled water was added followed by 3 mL of the NH3-NH4+ buffer solution and 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator. Although use of EBT indicator is unsatisfactory in calcium, it is ideal to use in magnesium titration[15], and since MgCl2 was put earlier, the number of calcium ions can be determine  using EBT indicator[16]. One at a time, the solutions were titrated with the 0.010 M standard EDTA solution. Water sample was analyzed by measuring 50 mL of commercial mineral water Viva into each of the three 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Then, into each flask, 75 mL of distilled water was added followed by 3 mL of the NH3 -NH4+ buffer solution and 2-3 drops of EBT indicator. One at a time, the solutions were titrated with the 0.010 M standard EDTA solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Complexometric titration was used in the experiment since the reaction between the aqueous solutions of the analyte (CaCO3 solution, water sample) and titrant (EDTA) forms a complex. Which involves a coordination center composed of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the chelating agent EDTA. EDTA, a weak acid, commonly forms 1:1 stochiometric ratio when it reacts to form soluble complexes with metal ions, this means that a single endpoint would be observed. Most of the time EDTA reacts with metals regardless of their charges. These would all correlate to a sharp endpoint in titration and a smooth calculation in stoichiometry. Titration with EDTA is affected by several factors such as the existence of complex forming ions and of organic solvents that affects the stability of the complex, the metal ion components, and the pH wherein the titration was performed. The pH range for optimal indications using EBT indicator and for better results in titration using EDTA method is from 8-10. Lower pH would form a colorless complex with EDTA while a high pH makes it hard to distinguish using the metal indicator In the experiment the pH was kept constant at 10, this was possible with the presence of the buffer solution of NH3 –NH4Cl. It has a buffer capacity that satisfies the optimal pH range. Buffer solutions resist pH change that might be caused by other cations and the weak acid titrant, EDTA. Also, the indicator EBT would behave as it should be if there are no fluctuations in the pH. The specific pH was essential because at the pH of 10 EDTA would deprotonate just enough to bind with the metals involved. If too much buffer was added to the solution, the titration would yield defective endpoints. For example the pH was at 12, the solution would be too basic that it might form precipitates with magnesium and calcium which in turn would cause different results. The endpoint of the solution in the first trial was blue so we opt not to put KCN in the solution. KCN b onds with iron  so that iron would not affect the color change of the indicator. If iron is present in the sample it would affect the color endpoint and turn to violet instead of blue. Chemical equations that express the reaction in the titration can be shown in figure 1. Figure 1. Chemical equations involved in the titration. In the sample analysis of Viva mineral water, it contained 54mgCa/L and 14mgMg/L. After computing for the total hardness of the sample using ppm CaCO3 it was found out that the claimed total hardness was 192.6 ppm CaCO3 while the computed average ppm CaCO3 from the experiment was 139.5 ppm CaCO3this means that the calculated value from the experiment is less than the calculated total hardness of Viva mineral water according to the indicated value in the label but still in the range of hard according to the water hardness scale in table 1. Table 1 Water Hardness Scale The unit ppm CaCO3 was used because water is mostly composed of calcium and magnesium ions. Both of these ions can be expressed in terms of CaCO3 One possible source of error is the human error from differentiating color change of the indicator EBT. The solution might have turned violet but not observed making the titrant endpoint wrong because of the presence of iron. Other possible sources of error are excess buffer solution that will increase pH, calibration error of pH meter, wrong volume reading, and over titration. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The Complex solutions were formed by titration with the chelating agent EDTA. With the use of complexometric titration the total hardness of water sample was determined. It was found out that the water hardness of Viva mineral water is classified as â€Å"hard† in terms of calcium and magnesium ions content that was expressed in terms of ppm CaCO3. The claimed total hardness of Viva Company is larger than the experimental value meaning it has less metal ion content than expected. The results of the experiment can be improved with the addition of KCN. It might not be visible that the endpoint was violet  but it would be safer to eliminate iron discrepancies in the results. REFERENCES [1] Carillo, K.J.D., Ballesteros, J.I., et al. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual, 2009 edition, UP Chemistry Alumni Foundation, 2009, p. 67 [2] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 403 [3]Hardwater,http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/hardwater.html [4] Wurts, W.A., Understanding Water Hardness, http://www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/Hardness.htm [5] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 372 [6] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 386 [7] Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate,http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/e5134pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/e5134pis.pdf [8] Liu, N. et. al., Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Removal from Simulated Flue Gas by Fe(II)EDTA/Fe(II)citrate Mixed Absorbents, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef300538x?prevSearch=Uses%2Bof%2BEDTA&searchHistoryKey= [9] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 372 [10] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 384 [11] Carillo, K.J.D., Ballesteros, J.I., et al. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual, 2009 edition, UP Chemistry Alumni Foundation, 2009, p. 69 [12] Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate,http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/e5134pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/e5134pis.pdf [13] Whitten, K.[et. Al.], Chemistry.8th ed., Thomas Higher Education. USA. 2007, p. 742 [14] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 401 [15] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 399 [16] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 400

International Business Case Discussion

A green field development can be a best way to reduce labor costs. Intel could employ well- educated, reliable workers inexpensively in Costa Rica through the development of green field. 2. The international site selection team is important for Intel because they should identify and collect the technical, economic, and environmental protection criteria, develop an evaluation plan, evaluate proposed sites, identify alternatives that meet the purpose and need for the proposed action, and make recommendations to the site-selection official.The various functions and expertise are necessary in site selection team because all site selections involve multiple criteria, it is important that the various members' expertise be appropriate to the task. 3. There are some risks that Intel must assume as It enters into the development of a silicon manufacturing plant in a foreign country. First, The development costs a lot to start up. Establishing silicon safer semiconductor manufacturing capabili ties Is an expensive endeavor, normally ranging between $100 and $300 million Second, This industry is very sensitive industry to time.Such an Investment Is projected approximately two years ahead of production demand. The world of semiconductor manufacturing Is fast paced. Production capabilities must be acquired quickly. 4. Intel supported Costa Rica financially through Greenfield development. Intel had projected an Initial $300 million Investment In a Greenfield development. To a small country such as Costa Rica, a $300 million Investment was equivalent to 2. 1 percent of the country's GAP. Moreover, There were derivative Impact that this mode of entry had on the economy and the population In general. Intel also had some benefits room entering Costa Rica.They discovered high levels of engineering and software development capabilities that permitted expansion Into more sophisticated processes. 5. I think a acquisition strategy would make the company successful In establishing prod uction capableness In foreign countries. International Business Case Discussion By kiths 3. There are some risks that Intel must assume as it enters into the development of a start up. Establishing silicon safer semiconductor manufacturing capabilities is an industry is very sensitive industry to time. Such an investment is projected manufacturing is fast paced.Production capabilities must be acquired quickly. Projected an initial $300 million investment in a Greenfield development. To a small country such as Costa Rica, a $300 million investment was equivalent to 2. 1 percent of the country's GAP. Moreover, There were derivative impact that this mode of entry had on the economy and the population in general. Intel also had some benefits development capabilities that permitted expansion into more sophisticated 5. I think a acquisition strategy would make the company successful in establishing production capabilities in foreign countries.

Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay

Cell-to-cell communication is essential in multicellular organisms. They must communicate to coordinate activities such as growth and development, and reproduction. In addition unicellular organisms communicate with each other. Signals may use light, or touch but we will focus on chemical signals. 1. External signals are converted to responses within the cell a. Evolution of cell signaling i. In yeast a cells and ÃŽ ±cells both secrete chemicals, which can only be received by the alternate type yeast. This signals the two cells to join via fusion 1. The process by which the signal on the surface of the cell is converted to a series of steps by the cell in response is called a signal transduction pathway ii. Signal transduction pathways are very similar in yeast and in complex multicellular organisms 2. This leads scientists to believe that this pathway evolved first in ancient prokaryotes b. Local and long distance signaling iii. Local signaling 3. Adjacent cells of plants and animals may communicate through cell junctions a. Signaling substances dissolved in the cytoplasm travel between cells i. Plants = plasmodesmata ii. Animals = gap junctions 4. Animal cells may use the following b. Cell-to-cell recognition iii. Direct contact between membrane-bound cell-surface molecules iv. Important in embryonic development and immune response c. Paracrine signaling v. Uses local regulators which are released and travel only a short distance to nearby cells vi. Ex. Growth factors target nearby cells to grow and divide d. Synaptic signaling vii. Electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers a chemical release across a synapse to trigger response in target cell viii. Ex. Nerve cells iv. Long- distance signaling 5. Both plants and animals use hormones e. Animals (endocrine signaling) cells release hormones which travel in the circulatory system to target cells f. Plants hormones travel in vessels or by diffusion through the air as gas g. Hormones vary in size and shape 6. Nervous system signals can also be long distance c. The three stages of cell signaling: A preview v. Reception: when the target cell detects a signaling molecule. The signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein on the target cell’s surface vi. Transduction: After binding the receptor protein is changed in some way, this converts the signal to a form that will bring about a specific cellular response 7. May occur in a single step or a series of changes vii. Response: The transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response. 8. Catalysis of an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, activation of a specific gene 2. Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape d. To ensure signals are sent to the correct cell signaling molecules act as a ligand. viii. Ligand- molecule that specifically binds to another (usually larger) molecule ix. The receptor protein then usually changes shape x. May be located on the membrane or inside the cell e. Receptors in the plasma membrane xi. Water-soluble signaling molecule binds to receptor on the membrane causing it to change shape or aggregate. f. Intracellular Receptors xii. Found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells 9. Signaling molecule must be hydrophobic enough or small enough to pass through the plasma membrane h. Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide | Examples| Pathway| Other| G-Protein Coupled Receptors| Yeast mating factors, epinephrine, hormones, neurotransmitters| 1. signaling molecule binds to the g-protein receptor 2. receptor changes shape and the cytoplasmic side binds to the inactive G protein 3. GTP then displaces to form GDP and activates the protein 4. Activated G protein diffuses along the membrane to an enzyme altering the enzyme to trigger the next step| Bacteria such as whooping cough, botulism and cholera disrupt this pathway| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases| Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups| 1. binding of two signaling molecules to two tyrosine chains causes the two to associate with each other forming a dimer 2. dimerization activates the tyrosine kinase region to add a phosphate from and ATP to each tyrosine in the polypeptide 3. each tail can now bind to and activate a different specific relay protein within the cell| One receptor may activate ten+ pathways. Absence can result in cancer| Ion Channel Receptors| Nervous system| 1. signaling molecule binds to the ion channel in the membrane 2. protein changes shape creating a channel through the membrane 3. specific ions can now flow through the membrane which may cause a change in the cell or trigger another pathway| Some ion gated channels are controlled by change in voltage rather than binding of a ligand| g. Intracellular Receptors xiii. Ex. Testosterone 10. Hormone passes through the plasma membrane 11. Testosterone binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm activating it 12. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to a specific gene 13. The bound protein acts as a transcription factor, stimulating the transcription of the gene into mRNA 14. The mRNA is translated into a specific protein 3. Transduction: cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptor to target molecules in the cell h. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation xiv. Proteins can be activated by the addition of a phosphate group (often broken off of ATP or GTP) 15. Phosphates are transferred from ATP to a protein by a general group of enzymes known as protein kinases i. Phosphorylation often causes the protein to change shape j. This happens because the added phosphate group interacts with polar or charged amino acids within the protein xv. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from a protein 16. Mechanism for turning off signal transduction 17. These also allow for turning off and reusing pathways i. Small molecules and ions as second messengers xvi. Molecules other than proteins act as second messengers 18. Small and water soluble such as ions k. This allows them to rapidly spread throughout the cell via diffusion 19. Second messenger refers to anything after the first messenger which is the extracellular signaling molecule that binds to the membrane 20. Most common second messengers are cyclic AMP and Ca+2 xvii. Cyclic AMP as a second messenger in response to the hormone epinephrine 21. Epinephrine binds to receptor molecule protein activates adenylyl cyclase which can catalyze the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP l. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cAMP ix. cAMP usually activates a serine/threonine kinase known as protein kinase A which phosphorylates many other proteins m. cAMP is converted back to AMP by phosphodiesterase xviii. Calcium ions and inositol tripohosphate 22. Increasing calcium concentration causes responses such as muscle contraction, secretion of substances, and cell division in animals, and greening in response to light in plants 23. Calcium is usually in high concentrations outside of the cell and in the ER but in low concentrations in the cytosol 24. Pathway n. Signaling molecule binds to receptor   o. Phospholipid pinches off membrane IP3 is released as second messenger p. IP3 binds to receptor on ER causing protein channel to open q. Ca+2 is released into cytosol 4. Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities j. Nuclear and cytoplasmic responses xix. Pathways lead to the regulation of one or more cellular activities 25. Regulate protein synthesis r. Turning specific genes on or off (calls for the synthesis of mRNA from DNA) 26. Regulate protein activity s. Cause a shape change to turn a protein on or off 27. Regulate overall shape change of cell 28. Release of mating factors 29. Cell division k. Fine-tuning of the response xx. Signal amplification 30. Enzyme cascades amplify effects by increasing the product at each step t. Enzymes stay active long enough to work on multiple products before becoming inactive xxi. The specificity of cell signaling and coordination of the response 31. Different types of cells are programmed to respond to only certain types of signals u. Some cells will respond to the same signals but in different ways v. This is because different cells have different collections of proteins xxii. Signaling efficiency: scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes 32. Scaffolding proteins increase the efficiency of the response w. A large protein with multiple protein kinases attached x. Decreases the time of the response because diffusion between proteins is not needed 33. Pathways are not linear, in fact the same protein may act in multiple pathways 34. Relay proteins serve as branch points where the signal may go in one of two directions xxiii. Termination of the signal 35. Each step in the pathway lasts only a short time, this makes the proteins ready for a new signal 36. When the signaling molecule leaves leave the receptor it reverts to its inactive form and the relay molecules follow

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Strategic Management - Assignment Example n and put into adherence through proper and strategically managing of both resources available to the company, that which that the company already possess and taking advantage of it marketing strategy to achieve its goals and those of its shareholders. This paper focuses on strategic management of an organization, its aim and concepts, principles, key factors affecting it such as external, internal and industrial environments. It also describes strategic formulation. Strategic management is the art of making decisions for an organization or company, taking into consideration the competitive market in which the organization finds itself and other factors affecting it in regards to achieving the organizations goals and objectives with the best interest in creating a profitable environment for both the company and its shareholders (Dess, 2005). Strategic management is all about analyses, making choices and seeing that those choices are implemented. Strategies are meant to give the organization or company a focus, direction in which to channel its efforts as per the environment it finds itself in and define major characteristics of the company’s goals. After this analysis, the management group needs to make appropriate decisions, on how to find their place in the market by making great and applicable marketing strategies as to help them gain and a substantial amount of clients, while attracting more for their goods and services in this market regardless of the external competition they face making sure that their ideas of marketing or goods production are not able to be copied by other competitive partners in the market. This means that the company ought to try do everything differently from their competitors in terms of decision making especially due to the constant market competition that they face as this will help them sustain themselves in the market for long as their ideas cannot be copied (Irene M. Duhaime, 2012). After a choice of decisions has been made,

Is it our future already written Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is it our future already written - Essay Example This paper highlights my own experiences and how I decided to shape the way I wanted it to be. This paper is comprised of different sections (Sagor 2005). It is fundamental note that this study was located in my school. I interviewed my room who gave very pertinent information about me.This research targeted people that were close to me. For instance, it targeted my friends, roommate and family members. These people were interviewed as per the questionnaire and interview schedule prepared. This study applied simple sampling techniques. This type of sampling allows an equal chance for each individual to be picked for interview. This technique of sampling also allows the respondents to be picked just by chance. This type of sampling technique was selected because the study dealt with a larger population. I randomly selected my friends who I interviewed. The sample size of this research was 10 participants. I targeted 3 people from my family, and 7 people from my school. These participa nts were interviewed as per the interview schedule. Let me also note that I interviewed my room at night when we were resting after studies. I interviewed my family on Sundays. Let me note that I learned a lot from the participants. It is true to note that our lives are always marred with challenges that me it difficult for us to look in to life in a more positive way. Personally, I have experienced many challenges. I have to admit that the challenges that I experienced in life made me stronger. My roommate narrated during the interview how he suffered while still young. It was painful to hear her say that her parents separated while he was just five years. He adapted to the situation to live in a single parenthood family. This showed me clearly that when we look in to life in a more positive manner life would always be good. Let me also highlight that my friend highlighted that we should avoid being negative in life. During the interview, she told me that we should not always opt t hat the worst will happen. We should always opt for the best to happen. I have to note that it is also important to desist from negative behaviors to be positive in life. My mother used to remind me to desist from bad behaviors like being late in school, and being lazy. I have always grown up knowing that laziness is not good. I don’t remember too much about that night. I only remember that Carlos and I were at an Italian restaurant, very gourmet, beautiful, comfortable, and classy. Then, we went to the movies, and we had an ice cream in my favorite ice cream shop located 2 blocks away my home. I got the nocciola and lime flavor and Carlos got the chocolate one. I remember we end it up laughing and sharing our ice creams. Then, I woke up, and I couldn’t remember anything more, as I recounted my dream to my best friend Connie in a rainy night of October 2009. I had never dreamed of a specific person before, and I was trying to solve the mystery with Connie. After talkin g with her, no closer to an answer, I received a message: â€Å"Hi, this is Carlos. I haven't seen you for a while until yesterday in the Model of United Nations. I remember when we used to go out every weekend, so it was very nice to see you last night. By the way†¦how is everything doing in your Model of United Nation? If you need any help, I can help you in whatever you need. Sorry if I’m taking this too long.† It was a big coincidence that after I saw him in the Model of United Nations, I dreamed about him, and then, he texted me. There is

Assignment #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Assignment #3 - Essay Example l and means by which to reproduce. This he named ‘natural selection ‘ or the survival of the fittest.’ The theory proposed that those individuals with the more successful adaptations would be able to get more food, and so would be healthier, live longer, and have more success at reproduction. The scientific world of the time was aware of variation, but the first principle of Darwin’s theory is that individuals vary in their heritable traits, so much so that that no two living beings are exactly similar. He first became aware of this because of his close observations of the various plant and animal species collected by him from the remote Galapagos Islands. He realised that although the species there resembled those from elsewhere they were actually unique to the islands, and in many cases to particular islands. Following the expedition he concluded that the environment affected evolution.. The organisms best suited to particular environment not only survive, but also become more and more sophisticated and specialized. Darwin noticed that variation was a characteristic belonging to all living beings and that through reproduction these traits would continue down the generations, the principle of genetics. He wrote about species adapting to its environment over time, giving it perhaps a genetic advantage over and above competitors, whether of the same species or from a different genus. Such a successful trait would be passed on to off spring. He also became aware that some species did not survive. In 1859 he wrote his famous book ‘ On the Origin of Species’. He wrote:- Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows.( Dennet.(1995). p. 64) Darwin also described how, through many millions of years and because of the

Philosophy-Licensing Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy-Licensing Parents - Essay Example The process of licensing individuals would inevitably hassle or perhaps devastate individuals seeking to participate in such an activity. However, LaFollette argues that this is the cost of protecting innocent victims from actions that Frisch classifies into four broad categories: (1) risks arising out of ignorance, (2) risks arising through physical or mental incapacity, (3) risks arising from willful misconduct, and (4) risks arising through negligence or inability to exert self-control over behavior (Frisch, 1981, p. 173). LaFollette’s case relies on proving two criteria for regulatory licensing: that â€Å"parenting is an activity potentially very harmful to children† and that â€Å"a parent must be competent if he is to avoid harming his children† (LaFollette, 1980, pp. 184-5). These two claims cannot be disproved: they are clear facts, as both LaFollette and Frisch acknowledge. Frisch also acknowledges the strength of LaFollette’s claim that regulation is â€Å"a fundamental task of any stable society† (Frisch, 1981, p. 173). Nevertheless, the dispute originates from whether parenting is analogous to other activities, or if it can be controlled by regulation. It may be that parenting cannot be modified or changed by any amount government control. LaFollette argues the prior restraint of licensing for drivers or physicians is â€Å"not terribly onerous† but that the â€Å"restricted activity is one which could lead easily to serious harm† (LaFollette, 1980, p. 189). These are the risks (that could happen) Frisch believes societies undertake licensing to reduce. Frisch proceeds to develop, based on his four categories of risks, a non-arbitrary distinction between parenting and other regulated activities. With respect to ignorance, there is no empirical reason to believe that with more knowledge of parenting (knowledge that can be taught descriptively anyway) parents will be more competent to raise a child in the same way

Environmental Management . response 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Management . response 1 - Essay Example Barrier effect restricts species exchange thereby threatening their survival. Roads increase extinction rates of species since restricted movement causes inbreeding depression, which can wipe an entire species (Underhill, 2002). These assertions are true since presence of a road in a wildlife habitat causes disturbance or affects migration routes and even destroys homes of the species. Moreover, the author asserts that, in some instances, fragmentation caused by road can be beneficial to the animal population since it can help the species to re-colonize new areas. However, I partially agree with this notion since it occurs rarely and depends on the extent or coverage of the roads. Further, the author argues that the presence of a road in wildlife habitat increases chances or prevalence of animals being involved in fatalities or accidents (Underhill, 2002). This assertion is true since when animals cross the road, there are high chances of being knocked over by vehicles and this can result in death or injuries to the affected animal. The author proposes that in order to curb roadway fatalities, as well as minimizing population fragmentation, there is a need to devise a system whereby wildlife can move freely to each side of the road without any problem (Underhill, 2002). This can be achieved through construction of underground tunnels during building of new roads. I believe this is a noble idea and should be implemented without considering the expenses or costs to be incurred. This is because wildlife is of higher value compared to the cost of resources to be used in constructing the underground tunnels. Therefore, it is logical to spend many resources in conserving and protecting wildlife than save the resources and later experience species loss and extinction, which is more

Research Proposal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Proposal Example In the wake of these corporate failures, basic principles and rules are being reviewed and strengthened in order to reinstall investor confidence. At the heart of these corporate governance reforms is the common interest in the effectiveness of boards of directors. Corporate governance codes, experts and activists have long advocated changes in the board structure. As a result of the successful implementation of corporate practice codes in the private sector corporations, the government has decided to implement the system in public/civil departments and government offices. The public offices are supposed to benefit the people who pay tax to the government on various assets and income earned by them. The government departments should exhibit transparency, and accountability to the various stakeholders including general public. These departments have a key role in a society where people's money is handled by government departments when they left with excess income allowed by tax author ity. In this context, the present study s an attempt to examine the impact of corporate government practices implemented by revenue commission in the UK on the customers'/ tax payers' satisfaction. Corporate governance is a conscious and sustained effort on the part of a corporate entity to strike a judicious balance between its own interest and that of its stakeholders. It is the relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of corporations. It is not merely enacting legislation; but instilling an environment of trust and confidence as ethical business behavior and fairness cannot be legislated. It aims at minimizing the chances of corruption, malpractices, financial frauds, and misconduct of management. It provides various codes and regulations to establish effective governance system and to monitor the performance of corporations in the context of transparency, advocacy, accountability and social contribution to the society. Governance is not just a pious platitude. It is the accumulated outcome of inspiration, influence, wisdom, guidance and control, which keeps a body or an organization not only moving but also moving on the right tr ack and at the right speed. It is inherent in the very nature of cosmic as well as human systems. However, corporate governance is essentially a state of mind and a set of principles based on relationships. It can work only if the people entrusted with these responsibilities believe in and are committed to the principles that underline effective corporate governance, which in ultimate analysis, is a way of life and not a mere compliance with a set of rules. Ideals of corporate governance primarily need transparency, full disclosure, fairness to all stakeholders and effective monitoring of the state of corporate affairs. It is, thus, concerned with values, vision, and visibility. Sound corporate governance practices lead to greater management accountability, credibility, and enhanced public confidence. Statement of the Problem With the corporate scandals in the early 2000, corporations across the world are under pressure to convince and ensure that the various stakeholders are happy with the system of corporate governance. Many new standards/policies of Corporate Governance (CG) and changes in accounting and reporting

SMALL BUSINESS MARKET RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SMALL BUSINESS MARKET RESEARCH - Essay Example This report seeks to carry out a market research for a sole trader in the UK market. The product in contention is ‘Nomido Pizza’. This is a fast food product that will target university students and therefore will be located close to The University of Liverpool so that it serves the students both in and out of campus. With the growing concern about the health of young people, this product will be a pizza, just like the others but clearly made from natural and locally available food items. No additives and chemical combinations in the ingredients. The unique selling proposition (USP) will be â€Å"Delivery within, quality maintained to the natural taste†. This is a product that seeks to take consideration of the health status of young people and therefore there is bound to be a very high profile sales to the students given that they already have this knowledge of health and have dynamic minds subject to change on what they consume. 3.0 Considerable Market Factors 3 .1 Suitability and Risks This is a very suitable enterprise for a sole trader as the factors considered in establishing it constitute a positive trend. The location, raw materials, human resource, market demand, competition, laws, the technology and the expected returns are bound to be good. This venture is suitable for a single business owner because it is economical on all economic and human factors as listed before (Ashton, 2007, p. 21). Having considered the suitability of these factors, it is a viable cause of action as the likeliness that the students will capture health as opposed to quantity and junk is probable. Moreover, as a sole trader, there is always the chance one could get family members to help in the operation as well as employ a few workers to take care of the workload (OECD, 2000, p. 11). This food industry choice can be punctuated by the fact that there is knowledge of catering and hospitality which puts up an advantageous position in the operations of the busin ess. There is however several risks involved in sole trading. McDonald and Hawkins (2012) clearly indicated the sacrifice that should be put into becoming a sole trader. The major risk is the liability risk. Sometimes the operations may be led by over-ambition; this may create liabilities and if there will be inability to service these, personal assets may be taken to cover for this. The heavy burden of decision making is a risk that can never be overlooked. One wrong decision may lead to closure of the business given that the decision will be binding in all situations. Other risks involved could take the form of lacking time off and lack of prestige in the business (Cruz-Cunha & Varajao, 2010, p. 97). 3.2 Target Market Segment A combination of segmentation bases will be at work in this case. The choice of a university environment reflects their prevailing knowledge of the need to change from the current consumption methods to new better methods. The geographic lineation of this seg ment is because it is very populated and therefore the market is concentrated at a place as found out by Emmanuel (2006). Shah (2010) also noted that an urban place where population density is high increases demand for a product. The demography is consistent with the young people whose is that of

Attempt to Understand the Conditions that Eventually Led to the Research Paper

Attempt to Understand the Conditions that Eventually Led to the Holocaust - Research Paper Example Hilberg (1985) in his account has sufficiently articulated the different historical stages that preceded the Holocaust and which set the ground ready for the 20th century genocide in all respects ranging from the legal status of such acts within the German territories, and to an extent beyond it, to the fundamentalist thoughts that would accompany such acts. Hilberg’s analysis is also marked for the in-depth details regarding the functioning of the pogrom machinery. The 20th-century holocaust also makes it possible to be read, and to be interrogated and further explore, as an event which is part of our modernity and all the institutions that mark its existence including bureaucracy. It also throws definite challenges to our understandings of the modern enlightenment rationality to the extent it reserves sufficient spaces to accommodate inhuman acts and thoughts under the disguise of being rationale. Nevertheless, the fact that the massacre of Jews could not be identified separ ately from the historical incidents that preceded it – both with and without any direct or indirect relation to it – and that it has not been the first or even the last of such massacres in the name of religion, race, ethnicity etc., might compel any sociological analysis of the 20th century genocide to broaden its perspectives beyond the scope and limits of modernity and rationality. However the relation between the modernity and holocaust gathers much more significance since, as Eberhard Jà ¤ckel wrote, â€Å"never before had a state with the authority of its responsible leader decided and announced that a specific human group, including its aged, its women and its children and infants, would be killed as quickly as possible, and then carried through this resolution using every possible means of state power† (quoted in Maier 1988, p 53).

Determining the identity of an organic unknown Essay Example for Free

Determining the identity of an organic unknown Essay When supplied with a organic unknown there are many ways of determining its identity and it is important to use as much information as can be gained to work out the identity of an unknown as many are very similar in physical properties, chemical properties and/or chemical make up. In this experiment I will be using a flow chart to identify the functional group that the unknowns contain, and once I have suggested this I will then use spectra given to me to determine what the identity of the organic unknown is. I have been told that the organic unknown, will one of the following functional groups: Alcohols Probably the most common of these functional groups is the -OH group, which is known as the hydroxyl group. It is NOT the hydroxide ion, OH1-, as it does not have a charge. The dash in front of the OH stands for a single covalent bond, which is what will be formed between the oxygen and a carbon atom. An aliphatic hydrocarbon that has one hydroxyl group attached to a carbon is called an alcohol. The simplest alcohol is methyl alcohol, or methanol. The molecular formula is usually written as CH3OH, because it gives more of a picture of the actual structure than does CH4O. This way of writing the formula becomes more important as the number of carbons increases. Take the case of ethyl alcohol, or ethanol. The parent compound is ethane, so the formula is C2H6O, but C2H5OH gives specific information that the compound is an alcohol and not any other compound. Phenol Colourless solid, partially miscible in the cold water, soluble in organic solvents. Differ in many ways to aliphatic alcohols. Like alcohols contain -O-H group but also a benzene ring. The difficulty in substituting the -OH group is due to the stabilisation caused by the overlap of the p-orbital of the oxygen atom with the bonding in the ring. The situation is similar to that in chlorobenzene. Phenols have many chemical properties i) Acid-base properties Phenol is a stronger acid than water whereas aliphatic alcohols are weaker. The polarity of the hydroxyl bond facilitates the loss of a proton and the formation of a phenoxide ion and the delocalisation in the phenoxide ion also stabilises it as compared with RO- or OH- ions. If electron-withdrawing groups (-Cl) are substituted into the benzene ring the polarity of the O-H bond is increased still further giving still stronger acids. Aldehydes A new class of substituted hydrocarbons arises when an oxygen atom is double bonded to the carbon at the end of the chain. In this case there are two less hydrogen atoms, so instead of three end hydrogens, there is the C=O and only one hydrogen. The simplest aldehyde is, formaldehyde, CH2O. Its IUPAC name is methanal. It has an -al ending as opposed to the -ol ending that alcohols have. These compounds show the generic formula, H-R=O. Ketones A different class of organic compounds results if the C=O occurs somewhere along the chain other than on the end carbon. The simplest ketone has three carbons. It has the common name acetone, and is in most fingernail polishes and removers. It is sometimes called dimethyl ketone, but is more properly called propanone. Break apart the name to see how the name propanone gives a better picture of the compounds formula than does acetone. Â  First of all, the propan- indicates that the parent hydrocarbon is propane, and thus has three carbons. Second, the ending -one goes along with the ending of the name of the class of compounds to which it belongs, ketones. The generic formula for ketones is R-C=O(-R). Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids have a more complex functional group, and if you look at it, you can see both the C=O of the aldehyde and the -OH of the alcohol. The organic, or carboxyl group, is -C=O(-OH), often written as COOH, or even CO2H. Organic acids may have more than one carboxyl group. The simplest organic acid is methanoic acid, CHOOH, or formic acid, to use the older name. Ants inject formic acid into their victim whem they bite them. The next in line is, of course, ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. Notice the ending, -oic, to the IUPAC name, and -ic, to the common name. There are some very important organic acids, and one of the most important is ascorbic acid, better known as Vitamin C. The generic formula is R-(COOH)x Why are these compounds acids? Well, they must be able to produce at least one hydrogen ion when they are put into solution, since that is the general definition for an acid. Even though these organic acids may contain quite a few hydrogen atoms in the molecule, only select hydrogens are able to be ionized or turned into hydrogen ions. These select hydrogens are those in the carboxyl group (-COOH) The presence of one or more of these groups, therefore, causes the compound to belong to the organic acids. Ester An ester results when there is an oxygen atom between two carbons in the chain. The simplest is dimethyl ester, which has the same molecular formula as ethanol. The way the formula is written to show the ester, rather than the alcohol, is CH3OCH3. There are two other esters of interest, ethylmethyl ester and diethyl ester. You should be able to write the formulas for each of these. Esters are represented as R-O-R, where R and R can be the same or different hydrocarbon units. Method Apparatus i 10 cm3 measuring cylinder i Teat pipette i Test tubes i Electric hotplate Reagents i Bromine water i 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine i Tollens reagent i Aqueous sodium carbonate i Lime water i Acidified potassium dichromate Only small volumes of the unknown compound need to be used in each test as they are in a pure form. Therefore I will only use 3cm3 of each reagent and the unknown compound. Test for presence of alcohol:An oxidation reaction must take place. Mix equal volumes (3cm3) of dilute sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate solution. Then add the same volume of the unknown to it. If the solution turns from orange to green then a primary or secondary alcohol group is present. Test for presence of a carbonyl group: A condensation reaction takes place. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution is added to the sample, if the solution turns into an orange precipitate then a carbonyl compound is present. Test to distinguish between a ketone and an aldehyde: An oxidation reaction takes place. Add a small volume of sodium hydroxide solution to 3cm3 of silver nitrate solution until a slight precipitate forms, than add ammonia solution dropwise until the precipitate dissolves. Then add a few drops of the unknown sample and warm in a water bath. If a silver mirror forms, then the compound has an aldehyde functional group. Test for presence of carboxylic acid: An acid / base reaction occurs. Aqueous sodium carbonate solution is added to the sample. If effervescence occurs and the gas evolved is carbon dioxide (test gas by bubbling into lime water) then a carboxylic acid group is present. Test for presence of phenol: A substitution reaction occurs. Bromine water is added to the sample and if a phenol group is present then the bromine water decolourises and a white precipitate is formed. Test for ester group: Esters have a distinct fruity smell. There is no simple test to carry out for identifying an ester, so I will determine the sample is an ester by negative results from the previous tests. Saftey Safety is imperative when carrying out experiments in the lab, this is even more true when the identity of a compound is unknown as it could have any dangerous properties, gloves should be used when handling substances and goggles worn, long hair tied back and cuts covered. Flow chart Results of organic tests All organic tests proved negative, apart from the test for an alderhyde although this test did not produce a silver mirror some dark precipitate was formed indicating the likeliness of the presence of an aldehyde. Analysis of spectropic data Conclusion I conclude that the organic unknown is an aldehyde this is because of the results found from the chemical tests performed , the specific aldehyde I believe the unkown to be is benzaldehyde. This is because not only does its physical properties fit those described in text books it also has the right structural formula to fit with the spectropic data provided. benzaldehyde benzaldehyde or benzenecarbonal , C6H5CHO, colourless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odour. It boils at 180i C, is soluble in ethanol, but is insoluble in water. It is formed by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and on oxidation forms benzoic acid. It is called oil of bitter almond, since it is formed when amygdalin, a glucoside present in the kernels of bitter almonds and in apricot pits, is hydrolysed, e. g. , by crushing the kernels or pits and boiling them in water; glucose and hydrogen cyanide (a poisonous gas) are also formed. It is also prepared by oxidation of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali, e.g. , sodium hydroxide. Benzaldehyde is used in the preparation of certain aniline dyes and of other products, including perfumes and flavourings. Evaluation Overall I feel this experiment went very well as I was able to determine both the functional group present and then with the aid of specropic data the exact compound. I carried out the experiment safely following all guideline set in my method. The only test that could have been performed more accurately was the test for an alderhyde that did not produce a silver mirror.

Management Information Systems (MIS) in Schools

Management Information Systems (MIS) in Schools INTRODUCTION These days, which we describe information era as various technologic developments have been practiced; the leading risk that an organization could obtain is to hang about tactless to change. A lot of important factors such as constant developments in information technologies, information exchange, and increasing and increasing the expectation of the society to a great extent, recent administration perceptions and applications cause organizations none over the world to develop new applications during order to remain. Because of their priority in modern societies, Information Technologies have reached an state of high main concern in learning, too. Recently, contributions of information technology to education have been among the mostly emphasized subjects. Every country aims to make available their citizens with the most existing education in the line of their monetary competence. In support of this reason, immense investment plans about the use of information systems encompass been put into action all around the world. Inside our country, too, in order to prop up Primary Education Program, 600 million $ of loan in total was taken out within World Bank on June 25, 1998 and July 26, 2004. In the first section of the line up, on least two primary schools in each of the 921 countries of Turkey were prepared in conditions of in order technologies and then activated. In commission training courses in relation to the use of computer in main education which was given to 2.250 coordinators of information technology section and 35.000 teachers were financed. In the following section of the plan ending on February 28, 2006, it is projected that information technology software are circulated to the 3.000 primary education schools just about Turkey and education doorway is established. As a result of training 600 computer teachers, in-service teaching is designed for all the primary school inspectors functioning on the pasture, and for at least 106.381 educators shaped of managers and teachers of main schools which have or will have information technology classes, on use of information technologies in learning and use of educational software, which will be ready in line with recent instruction programs School Management Information Systems Being at the commencement stage of the School Management Information Systems, mechanization of the school management is the necessary subject of todays school management. Principals have ongoing to make use of information systems in the gradually-increasing each day management staffs. Frequently speaking, the reasons to use information systems can be declared as increasing helpfulness at work by handing out information, rising managerial effectiveness by meeting the need for information and obtain supremacy in competitions by directing strategies. School management in sequence systems aim to offer maintain for the managing and educational behavior of the school managers by hand out information. Telem (1999) define the management information in his words as â€Å"an executive information system planned to match the structure, management task, instructional process and particular needs of the school†. According to board definition which defines, hand-outs of the information systems to schools can be defined as making programs more successful, making the teaching process and the changes in learning environment professional, enable teachers to swap their experiences in a more well thought-out way, working in teams, shaping the needs of the students, supporting the school managers and other staff in doing their duty, developing their performances, inefficiency and efficiencies. In other words, school management information systems increase effectiveness and efficiency by saving time and facilitate development of alternative solutions for advanced problems Information systems sustain not only information process but also make the support in innovations. Since being amendable to different changes, these systems are helpful to manage with the load for change. Therefore, school management in sequence systems improve the version of the school to the environment. They enable the school to realize and define internal and external information transfer. In this attitude, school management independently meets the demands and hopes of its inner and outside members; and ensures that school activities are arranged perfectly and on time. Beginning of school management information systems to schools have force major changes in the role as well as work styles of managers. School management information systems have changed school management in the areas of management, choice making, workload, human resource management, communication, responsibility and planning. With intent school management information systems hold up the manager in shaping the aims of the school, making long term plans for possible, distributing resources, and producing educational methods of future, seminal performances of teachers and success of the school. In this trend, school management information systems can also be used as a device to begin and use educational direction of the manager. School managers can make more better and reliable decisions when they get rectify and up-to-date information by school executive information systems (Christopher, 2003). Option making is careful as the heart of educational management and shows the significance. Every day, challenging circumstances that need decision making are based on the complex and unpredicted nature of school surroundings. For this reason, as a problem solver, the educational manager has to collect and examine information constantly. In addition to this, managers have been necessary to make more and quick decisions in short times because of the rising prospect from the educational system (Christopher, 2003). In addition, decision making become faster, more regular and more complicated in schools of in the present day. In order to make decisions under such situation, taking and collecting data that is incessant, up-to-date and that can be accessed promptly and analyzing and using this data is a commitment. Success of school development studies are frequently depends on data based decision making, though school managers are not able to use the data professionally in this side. School management information systems give information and a diversity of reports from the database in order to make decisions in line with the aim of the school and make easy controlling of the tricks to achieve the aim. Information technology helps the manager to access, manage and report the information fastly and with no trouble. While telecommunication nets offer the manager with broad resources of information that can be used in problem solving, written communication has been developed richer by means of word processors and e-mails. increased school principles, supported decisions on the stage of control and planning, improved the power of teaching programs, facilitated student-teacher communication, enlarged the skill between teachers, facilitated methodical and continuous information transfer to parents, and increased communication with more institutions and the central organization. In his study where Gurr (2000) examined possessions of information system on school manager of local school, he strong-minded that information system have generally changed the role of school manager. Managers confirmed that a manager who does not use the information systems is not able to attain his duties suitably anymore. Lastly, Anderson and Dexter (2005) in their studies inattentive that technology leadership of school managers is of more important than the backdrop in the efficient use of technology at schools. On the other pass in literature there are researches that show that school managers had troubles in using school management information systems. For example Viscera and Bloemen (1999) in their study with 195 managers and teachers work in 63 high schools in Holland found out those school management information systems were regularly used in everyday work and managers and teachers did not have enough education on the system. Managers and teachers pointed that while school management information systems had encouraging effects on estimation of efficiency of the school, progress of using sources, superiority of educational programming and in-school communication, it increased their heavy workload and caused stress. The research indicated that this stress is reduced in schools where education is sufficiently given on the system and where innovation is clearly declared as a vision. And moreover it was found that the staff that used the system had top motivation, was devoted to take more education, and adopted the vision of the school more. According to this research where Warren (1998) examined the belongings of information systems on educational decision making, he establish out that school managers have not taken enough education on efficient use of the information technologies. Crouse (1994) found that education improved the prospect to use the information systems. Also Jacops (1992) claimed that there was a relationship between the amount of education the managers took, and the use of information technologies. As a result, it can be stated that school managers had to take over the responsibility of leadership in an unknown area without adequate education. It is cleared as we can see communication and information technologies have progressively more had a role on the behavior of schools. During this era, a lot of things have been spooked and written about the significance of computers. Though there are large number researches on the role and need of information technologies in education, numerous of these are about the educational functions of information systems and just a hardly any of them are about school management. We can say that in other words, although there are countless researches on the position of information systems on class and teaching, only some studies have been done on the use of them in educational management and their effects on the managers. The objective of this learning is to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figured out ideas of managers about managerial information systems. In this aspect, following questions were searched: How are the information technology facilities in primary schools in Edirne? What are the studies done by using managerial information systems in primary schools in Edirne? What are the contributions of managerial information systems and the problems in primary schools in Edirne? METHOD Research Model: The mock-up of this research, which targets to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figure out ideas of managers regarding managerial information systems, is review model. Population: Population of this research is created of school managers working in 170 primary schools in Edirne. However managers from 98 schools responded to questionnaires. Among the school managers built-in in the research, 26 of them have worked for 1-5 years (26.5%), 25 of them for 6-10 (25.5%), 18 of them for 11-15 (18.4%), 9 of them for 16-20 (9.2%), and 14 of them have worked for 21 and more years (14.3%). 25 of the participants (25.5%) are undergraduate, 69 (25.5%) of them are graduate and just one of them (25.5%) is a post-graduate. in the middle of the school managers included in the research, six of them didnt react to question about occupational experience and three of them didnt respond to question in relation to education level. Data Collection and Analysis: A survey was urbanized as an tool of data collection. In the first part of the survey, there were some items relating to the personal information of the school managers like as vocational experience and study level. Following part tells us about, the stuff were regarding information technology facilities related to the information systems of the school and opinions of the school managers about technological facilities. The items about the number of the computers in the school and number of the computers joined to the Internet were open-ended and later, they were classifying after examining their distributions. Participants were predictable to select among the options offered for the items about the places of the computers and the ones joined to the Internet and also the softwares used. Finally, there were open-ended items related to the places to check with in case of a problem about the program and the ones related to dependability. third part of the survey shows the, there were items correlated to the studies finished with the school managing information systems and items about by whom these studies were done. This stuff was separated into two parts as the preparation of various documents, lists and statistics, and data entry. The fourth part consisted of the contributions of managing information systems to school management and problems occurred. These items were in the form of five point liker scale. Options were declared as; â€Å"Strongly disagree†, â€Å"Disagree†, â€Å"Undecided†, â€Å"Agree† and â€Å"Strongly Agree†. The answers were ordered from â€Å"Strongly Disagree† to â€Å"Strongly Agree† by ranking them from 1 to 5. The fifth part contains experiences of school managers in information systems and effects of managing information systems to the manager. In this part, school managers were asked questions about their experiences in information systems and the effects of managing information systems to their managerial efficiencies and work-related development. Options were ordered as; â€Å"Strongly disagree†, â€Å"Disagree†, â€Å"Undecided†, â€Å"Agree† and â€Å"Strongly Agree†. The answers were ordered from â€Å"Strongly Disagree† to â€Å"Strongly Agree† by giving them grading them 1 to 5. And n this part, to determine the validity of feedback form was used the technique of content-related validity according to the opinions of the experts, At the end of the study, the data were analyzed by evaluate their arithmetic average, standard deviation and frequencies and percentages. FINDINGS: The answer of the study were existing under the titles of information technology services of schools, studies done with the managing information systems in schools, contributions of managing information systems to school management, and the problems faced, information system experiences of school managers and effects of information systems to them. Information System practice of School Managers and Their outcome to the Managers Under this title information system experiences of the school managers and effects of management information systems to the managers were presented. Here are the findings about school managers experiences and frequencies of computer and the Internet use and the education they received about these subjects, which were the indicators of school managers information system experiences: the level of computer use of the %32.7 of the school managers was basic level, %54.1 of them was average and %12.4 of them was advanced. Managers stated that their frequencies of computer use (=3.58) and internet use (=3.22) were at a medium level. %81.6 of the school managers received education about working with computers. On the other hand, %77.6 of them answered the question â€Å"Would you like to receive education about computers?† as â€Å"yes†. Findings about the effects of management information systems to the managerial effectiveness of the school managers were presented in Table 10 and findings about their effects to the managers vocational development were presented in Table 11. DISCUSSION According to the outcome of this study which was regarding the usage of School Management Information Systems in primary schools and which mean to decide the viewpoints of the school managers associated to management information systems, it was experienced that the number of computers was not sufficient and there was only one computer joined to Internet in nearly all of the schools. Besides, in a small number of of these schools, there was a web page of the school. Study which was conducted by the Pelgrum (2001) in 26 countries and by Mentz and Mentz(2003) in the schools of South Africa, it was seen that one of the most common hurdles of the applications of management information systems was the insufficiency of the numbers of the computers. Due to this reason, it can be said that there was an important infrastructure problem of the recognition of school managements information systems in todays schools. As Greg rash stated (2004) the uniformity with technological improvements increased with the practice of technology. For that reason, it is compulsory to provide educators chiefly school managers with sufficient technological chances to make them accept and go with the improvements. The problems encountered demonstrate the necessity that the applications of information system should be done in the scope of a useful program. Besides, there is a vital difference among the schools in terms of having these technologies. This inequity makes us think that there is some inequality connected to the usage of these technologies opportunities not only for the manager and teachers but also for the students. This situation shows that there is a possibility of coming face to face with the problem which is discussed extensively and called â€Å"digital division† not only nationwide but also in the schools in the similar province. In addition, it was seen that there are still some school managers and assistant school managers who dont have a computer in their rooms at the schools in the scope of this study. In the middle of the school managers and assistant school managers who have a computer in their rooms, some of them use a computer without an Internet contact. Besides there are some schools whose teachers do not have the opportunity of making use of the information technologies. This is also is seen that The Ministry of Educations objective (MEB, 2002) which is supplying each staffroom with at least two computers; supplying guidance service, library, school managers with Internet access in order to talk with the central and provincial offices and also for the practice of management has not been achieved yet.

Smart objectives of bp

Smart objectives of bp Task Three SMART Objectives of BP BP Objectives are prepared according to SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timed).That means it should be particular about what we are going to achieve and should quantify about the objectives. There are a several types of objectives that all can be done in the SMART format. Process objectives Impact objectives Outcome objectives Personal objectives BPs five year plan objectives are, Increase profitability by 20% Increase production Financial gain by serving to the increasing demand Build brand value that was affected by the oil spills Five year development plan for BP Business plan is a statement about companys future goals and plans to achieve those goals. This can be externally focus or internally focus. BPs Strategies in progress can state as, Upstream growth Downstream turnaround Alternative Energy: focused disciplined Corporate simplification In the upstream will focus on cost and capital efficiency to deliver profitable growth. In the downstream will drive further efficiencies and a focus on quality and integration. They will maintain their disciplined approach to alternative energy and will continue to unlock corporate efficiency through a culture of continuous improvement. Five year development plan for BP # Objective Strategy Actions Performance Indicators Time Period 1 Increase profitability by 20% Research and development Hire most qualified researchers Innovative ways of doing things One year 2 Increase production Acquisition of north sea area. Negotiations with governments and agreeing for a joint profit sharing. Coming into an agreement with relevant governments Two years 3 Financial gain by serving to the increasing demand Sales and Marketing approaches to increase market share Recruiting experienced sales and marketing people and objective training Acquiring new market opportunities, increase the market share One year 4 Build brand value that was affected by the oil spills Communication and promotion strategy Using new media opportunities of social media to build brand name again, invest in CSR activities in Go Green. Reduce the black mark 3 years Evaluating and implementing the plan In corporate strategy, Johnson, Scholes and Whittington present a model in which strategic options are evaluated against three key success criteria Suitability (would it work?) Feasibility (can it be made to work?) Acceptability (will they work it?) (Source-: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_management) # Objectives Time Line 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 1 Increase profitability by 20% X 2 Increase production X X 3 Financial gain by serving to the increasing demand X 4 Build brand value that was affected by the oil spills X X X Conclusion When it is mention about the strategic management and the leadership strategic planning is a major part of it. Strategic planning can divide in to three stages as strategic Analysis, Strategic Options and Evaluation and Implementation. The British petroleum Corporation is a well established organization in petroleum industry and here it is mentioned about the strategy and competitive advantages of the BP and the technical tools which could they can use to analysis situations. The porters five forces investigation helps identify the competitive environment BP analysis their market for Quality production. There are so many competitors like Solar, sharp in the market and BP establish with mass production. By doing the SWOT analysis its helping company to identify the internal and external environment of the company. BP is focused on customers and they believe in their productions. They used the oil plus solar power combination and they used product segmentation, improve cost efficiency and some more strategies to increase their profits. They have created value through technology and this is a barrier for their competitors. Company can use strategy clock, Ansoff growth matrix tools to analysis their position in the market. To develop strategic options first it should identify the external context and priorities and clusters. Then it should develop the strategic options. SOP matrix is best tool to identify the strategies of the company.

Mariquita: A Tragedy of Guam by Chris Perez Howard Essay -- Book Revie

Mariquita: A Tragedy of Guam by Chris Perez Howard The book entitled Mariquita A Tragedy of Guam was written by author Chris Perez Howard in honor of her mother Mariquita Aguon Perez. The book covers the pain and sufferings of Guamanians through World War II from the perspective of one family. The book covers a period of time a little under a decade, beginning in 1938 while Guam was under Naval Administration. The book starts off painting the image an Howard's mother Mariquita. She is depicted as somewhat a diamond in the rough, beautiful and one of a kind, even pointing out that she worked as a stenographer, an uncommon position to be held by women in this time period. The book goes on describing her daily life including spending much time with her friends, competing amongst each other in the latest fashions and watching the movies. The story goes on describing her acquaintance with a young soldier by the name of Edward Neal Howard that has an eye for her. Mariquita at first entertained the young sailor but hesitated to pursue any relationship with Eddie. Then one night coming out of the movies, a Marine yelled a racial remark towards Mariquita and Eddie, out of the crowd, defended Mariquita. That was the turning point, and they eventually begin dating, first in secrecy then soon after, they married. Mariquita and Eddie had two children, the first named Chris and the second named Helen. Japanese invaded and the war broke out in Guam right after the birth of Helen and Mariquita actually had to flee with her newborn into the jungle for safety. During Japanese rule Guamanians were forced to work. The Japanese also occupied any housing they needed. The Americans were forced to surrender and Eddie bec... ...dure their torture, then head home and play and laugh with her kids, it was like there were two people playing her role. The book gave very good accounts of the times surrounding war, but I think Howard's emotions skewed the story somewhat. This book goes against the canon in citing instances which were harmful to the Guamanians. Americanization for instance, indirectly told the people to lose their identity and their culture and opt for a more Westernized and modern set of values. Then goes the point of having separate schools and American only functions, U.S. treated the people of Guam as second class citizens. The book does a great job in capturing all this unfairness. All in all, the book seemed better as a romance novel to me, with a great many details, valuable details of World War II in Guam hidden in the background almost as a supplemental story.

William Gibsons Neuromancer :: Essays Papers

William Gibson's Neuromancer When Neuromancer by William Gibson was first published it created a sensation. Or perhaps it would be more precise to say that it was used to create a sensation, for Bruce Sterling and other Gibson associates declared that a new kind of science fiction had appeared which rendered merely ordinary SF obsolete. Informed by the amoral urban rage of the punk subculture and depicting the developing human-machine interface created by the widespread use of computers and computer networks, set in the near future in decayed city landscapes like those portrayed in the film Blade Runner it claimed to be the voice of a new generation. (Interestingly, Gibson himself has said he had finished much of what was to be his body of early cyberpunk fiction before ever seeing Blade Runner.) Eventually it was seized on by hip "postmodern" academics looking to ride the wave of the latest trend. Dubbed "cyberpunk," the stuff was being talked about everywhere in SF. Of course by the time symposia were being he ld on the subject, writers declared cyberpunk dead, yet the stuff kept being published and it continues to be published today by writers like K. W. Jeter and Rudy Rucker. Perhaps the best and most representative anthology of cyberpunk writers is Mirrorshades., edited by Sterling, the genre's most outspoken advocate. But cyberpunk's status as the revolutionary vanguard was almost immediately challenged. Its narrative techniques, many critics pointed out, were positively reactionary compared to the experimentalism of mid-60s "new wave" SF. One of the main sources of its vision was William S. Burroughs' quasi-SF novels like Nova Express, (1964), and the voice of Gibson's narrator sounded oddly like a slightly updated version of old Raymond Chandler novels like The Big Sleep, (1939). Others pointed out that almost all of cyberpunk's characteristics could be found in the works of older writers such as J. G. Ballard, Philip K. Dick, Harlan Ellison, or Samuel R. Delany. Most damning of all, it didn't seem to have been claimed by the generation it claimed to represent. Real punks did little reading, and the vast majority of young SF readers preferred to stick with traditional storytellers such as Larry Niven, Anne McCaffrey and even Robert Heinlein. Gibson's prose was too dense and tangled for casual re aders, so it is not surprising that he gained more of a following among academics than among the sort of people it depicted.

Classifying Humans into Absolute Categories Essay

There are three basic ways in which people have tried to classify people to real biological differences, instead of cultural differences, in the past. The first is the ‘typological model’. This model classifies people into geographical groups, on selected common characters. The second model is the ‘populational model, which classifies people on the basis of exclusive mating with each other, over a long period of time. The last model is the ‘clinical model’. This model looks at the inherited characteristics of a group, which change over time and is different from the changes in other geographic areas; the distribution of these characteristics (Ellison & Goodman). All three models fail to do the job. The typological model is erroneous because of the fact that some racial characteristics are found in different groups. The populational model fails because of the fact that people do not limit their breeding to small areas. The clinical model is undermined by the fact that some human groups migrate and the therefore discontinuity of the typical characteristic, and by the fact that there are not so many small communities left on the world anymore. Scientists now agree on this, they understand that classifying humans, based on any specific model, would be arbitrary. Scientists now just use the classifications as a tool to organize the data. The number of racial groups that are ‘discovered’ depend on the number of characteristics researched. Therefore, all research methods are relative, and the classifications change when the sets of characteristics (or the research topic) change. Biological anthropology describes the nature of human variations through focusing on the biological aspects. This researches the human as biological organism, the behaviour of primates and the human evolution. The most important research is done through research of the genetic patterns and the connections between different populations over the whole world. Anthropologists can also compare historic gene material with modern ones. All these techniques might contribute to a definitive evidence of our origin and the way people populated the earth. References Ellison,G. & A. H. Goodman. The Nature of Differences. Science, Society and Human Biology. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2006.

US Immigrants’ Learning English and Mastering Content Goals

Bilingual Education is the teaching of two languages. This would also be the ability to speak two languages. During the 1920's testing among various groups of people began. These tests were conducted in poor testing conditions, overcrowded rooms, poor lighting, and large rooms with poor audibility. Many immigrants were categorized as â€Å"simpletons† for receiving zeros on the test because they were unable to speak English, could not read, and were unfamiliar with the American culture. The low-test scores confirmed white Anglo Saxon Protestant beliefs that immigrants were inferior. This gave the congressmen more reason to discriminate against the immigrants. In the 1950's, federal and state laws ruled that discriminatory testing was unconstitutional (What To Do About Immigration? p 327). Bilingual education did not originally grow from the pressures of immigration. It was started as a small, federally funded program to help Mexican-American children (largely native-born) in the Southwest. The purpose was to try to make Mexican-American children fully literate in English. Today, our expectations of bilinguals are very high. We expect them to learn our language fast and accurately. However, we do not teach them well. Instead of running away from this problem by abolishing bilingual education, we should find a way to improve this practice in order to make it a part of our culture. People with a native language other than English have two goals in school: learning English and mastering content. A very big problem is that bilingual education is taught in many different ways in classrooms. Often, students with limited English skills would be taught for no more than a year in special English classes before being moved to mainstream. Some students are pulled out of English as a second language. Others are placed in transitional bilingual education, which is intensive English-instruction. A portion of this class is taught in the native language. Maintenance or developmental, bilingual education builds the native language while improving English as a second language (http://www. edweek. org/context/topics/biling. htm). One solution to this problem is finding a one way to teach that will cover all aspects of the English language. After English is effectively taught, the students should be mainstreamed. Some say the curriculum is not the problem, but the poor teaching instead. The teache's want students to be proficient in a second language in one or two years. These days, there is also a shortage of well-qualified bilingual teachers. We can improve this by hiring teachers who are qualified and fully bilingual (http://www. edweek. org/context/topics/biling. htm). If we take a closer look at the educational system, we would notice that bilingual education is not the only guilty party in this stuation. There are many services available in different native languages; there is not much of an emphasis to learn English. There are newspapers, advertising, and even signs that will help immigrants of all cultures. Some people believe that in order to ensure that English is learned the government should make English its official language. I believe that people with another native language other than English should learn our language. This is not to say that they can not use their other language, but English should be used in offices and other work places. Today, the amount of bilingual immigrants entering our country is growing year by year. If solutions aren't found to the bilingual education problem, I fear what the future may hold for those looking to find new opportunities on American soil. In America, everyone has the right to dream.

Satire and Social Criticism

The Enlightenment is a period in history that was characterized by diversity of advances in philosophy, science and medicine. The main theme of the enlightenment was the belief that people of the world could actually make an effort to create a better world. In the process, the philosophers embraced different figurative tools to enlighten the people, and among these, satire stood out. Satire especially assumed the form of bitter, harsh criticism to hypocrisies, injustices and inhumane practices that characterized the society at the time. Candide by French philosopher Voltaire is a bizarrely humorous tale chronicling the adventures of a young man throughout the world, but the aspect that has made it generate so much interest is how it satirically challenges the social norms and optimism that characterized the age. First, Voltaire pokes fun at the noble family by naming the barony Thunder-ten-tronckh, a silly set of words aimed at attacking the pride the baron’s family have in their noble heritage. Voltaire is challenging natural superiority assumed by aristocrats. For example, the baron’s sister, despite being the mother of Candide, refused to marry his father merely because he had 71 noble lineages while she had 72 (Voltaire, 2008). The satire here manages to make the concern nobles had over â€Å"lesser people† look primitively absurd. Dr. Panglos (the name translates to â€Å"all-tongue†) belonged to the â€Å"metaphysico-theologo-cosmolo-nigology† school of thought. He often taught the young Candide the principles of his doctrine which upheld the belief that all things were created with a purpose, which is ultimately the best purpose (Voltaire, 2008). Voltaire uses Pangloss to parody the philosophers of the 17th century and before who debated topics of no benefit to humanity. Voltaire most likely felt that the verbal acrobatics of these thinkers were so ridiculous and critics of this tale feel that he was lampooning the philosophies of Leibniz. Leibniz believed that a pre-meditated harmony existed in the world and that the world must be the best place ever since a perfect God had created it. Voltaire, on the other hand, is an opponent of this blind optimism on account of the tragedies that afflict mankind. He uses the difficulties Candide has to endure and the Lisbon earthquake which claimed over 75 percent of the city despite a ritual which involved burning some people in a slow fire in order to prevent catastrophes like these having been conducted. The tragedies that Candide suffers in the hands of the Bulgarian army underline the cruelty and suffering that existed within armies. Noblemen started war, and it was the common men serving in the battlefields that bore the full brunt of conflicts (Voltaire, 2008). While the people are suffering, clergymen hypocritically squabble over religious doctrines and worry more about converting people into their faith instead of tackling the wars, famines and oppression which plague the society. Many satirists have developed a sense of satire that is more or less in line with the stances Voltaire adopted in his effort to reform the society. I choose to analyze the Daily Show hosted by Jon Stewart since 1999. Jon Stewart applies satire to address the social, political, and economical issues facing the American society in the present time. Among his themes are political tolerance and the extent to which current events affect the youth not only in America but also in the whole world (The Daily Show, 2007). The Daily Show has aired every Monday to Thursday since July 1996 on Comedy Central and hosts a variety of political and celebrity figures with the aim of getting their opinion on current socio-political issues affecting the American society. Watching an episode of the Daily Show, I visualized Jon Stewart wanting his audience to approach current issues with pragmatism. I watched the episode in which he hosted 2008 republican presidential candidate John McCain. McCain, as part of his presidential campaigns, had announced that he would make an appearance at Liberty institution, an institution founded by Jerry Falwell who McCain had earlier denounced as an agent of intolerance (The Daily Show, 2007). Stewart rightfully identified the hypocrisy of the appearance knowing that it was in direct opposition of the principles McCain so often preached. It was an attempt to just secure votes against the values the candidate had preached all along. Jon Stewart’s show assumes that that any political leader should stand his ground and stick to his or her beliefs with regard to the issues that affect the society (The Daily Show, 2007), failure to which he or she would be drifting into â€Å"madness†. Desperate attempts to win over public support in policy issues should be based on conviction rather than on hysteria as stirred by those seeking political office. Stewart wanted the society to see people for what they really were, as a strategy to establishing a just system, rather than the instantaneous stances they adopt when the need arises.

The Weighted Index Overlay Analysis (WIOA)

The Weighted Index Overlay Analysis (WIOA) is one of the multi criterion decision making tool used to assigned weights and scores to each criterion and classes of each criterion respectively to determine the groundwater potential zones. All the criterion maps were converted to raster, assigned a weight (Wc) on a scale of one to ten depending on its suitability to hold water. Different classes of each criterion map were also assigned a score (Scc) on a scale of one to ten according to their relative influence on the groundwater occurrence (Table 5.1). With one being the least important and ten being the most important factor. The average score is given by; (Nag and Kundu, 2018) ?=(?Scc x Wc)/(?Wc) Where ? is the average weight score of the polygon, Wc is the weight of each criterion map and Scc is the rating score of the class of the criterion map. Individual criterion maps were reclassified and the reclassified map together with the weightage map were integrated using the raster calculator in the spatial analyst tool in ArcGIS software. The integrated map was then classified into; excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor groundwater potential zones and lastly correlated and validated with the field groundwater data obtained from the article written by Meulenbeld & Hattingh, 1999 used as a reference. Geology and geomorphology maps were identified to be classified maps, therefore the procedure followed to assign score to different classes of each criterion map is different from that of drainage density, lineament density and slope which were classified as continuous maps. Classified maps have known and definable boundaries whereas continuous maps define a surface where each location is measured from a fixed registration point. To assign scores to different classes of each criterion map in classified maps, each criterion map was first converted to raster, a table was added on the attribute table, then a suitable score corresponding to the influence of each class to groundwater occurrence was assigned. The vector and raster maps are joined, and the resulting vector map is then converted to raster with scores. For the continuous maps, each criterion map is reclassified into ten classes using the reclassify tool under spatial analyst tool, the method of classification used is quantile and a table was added as well as score. Criterion maps were assigned weights corresponding to relative influence of each criterion to occurrence, origin and movement of groundwater, with geology given the highest preference (10), followed by lineament density (8), geomorphology (6), slope (4), and drainage density (2). Sandstones are typically permeable and porous, therefore, can allow percolation of water and can store those large quantities of water, thereby making them good aquifers, However, those of the Wilgerivier Formation forms poor aquifers due to limited faulting, hence, it was assigned a score of 1 (by Meulenbeld & Hattingh, 1999). Shales have very small interstitial spaces due to very small particle sizes, but can store large quantities of water, however, its transmission is limited due to low permeability, therefore, making it an aquiclude. The shales of the Ecca Group are very dense and should not be ignored as possible sources of groundwater. The borehole yields are between 0.5 to 2 l/s with a fractured or intergranular aquifer system, hence, shale was assigned a score of 2 (GCS, 2006). The diamictite of the Dwyka Group is massive, with little jointing and shows stratification in some places. It has very low hydraulic conductivity ranging from 10-11 to 10-12 m/s and shows no primary voids. The Dwyka diamictite forms an aquitard with very small yield quantities of water ranging from 0.5 to 2 l/s confined within narrow fractures and joints, hence it is assigned a score of 4 (GCS, 2006). Diabase intrusion is highly fractured and weathered, yields appreciable quantities of water and therefore forms good aquifer. It was assigned a score of 10. The weight of 10 given to the geology was found to be suitable since the occurrence, origin and transmission of groundwater depends on the physical characteristics of the rock (Figure 5.1.1). Lineament densities range from 0 to 140.6 and were assigned scores from 1 to 10 respectively in accordance to its relative contribution to groundwater occurrence and storage and was also given a weight of 8. The higher the drainage density, the higher the score given. The classification method used to reclassify the densities is quantile method which assigns the same number of data values to each class, hence, there are no empty classes or classes with too few or too many values. This method is best suited to linearly distributed data (Figure 5.1.2). The valleys, hills and steep inclines were assigned weights of 10, 2 and 1 respectively also according to its importance to groundwater occurrence and storage. Groundwater is usually found in valleys where percolation surpasses surface runoff than in steep inclines and hills where surface runoff precedes percolation. The weight of 6 assigned is well suited for it since it is the 3rd most important criterion to groundwater occurrence (Figure 5.1.3). The slope of the study area ranges from 0 to 79Â º with the highest degree assigned a score of 1 and lowest 10. This is due to gentle slopes being good groundwater prospecting zones than steep slopes which favors surface runoff. Slope is dependent on geomorphology, therefore, has to be assigned a weight lower than that of geomorphology, hence, a weight of 4 was found suitable. The classification method used to reclassify slope is also quantile method which assigns the same number of data values to each class, hence, there are no empty classes or classes with too few or too many values. This method is best suited to linearly distributed data (Figure 5.1.4).Drainage density is the inverse of lineament density, hence, the scores and weight assigned will be the opposite and lower than that in lineament density respectively. The drainage densities range from 0 to 252.4 and were assigned scores from 10 to 1. The slope is dependent on slope and geomorphology, therefore, a slope of 2, lower than them was found to be suitable. The classification method used to reclassify slope is also quantile method which assigns the same number of data values to each class, hence, there are no empty classes or classes with too few or too many values. This method is best suited to linearly distributed data (Figure 5.1.5). The classification method used for the output groundwater potential zones map is the geometrical interval. This classifier was found suitable to represent the generated data since it is a compromise method between equal interval, natural breaks and quantile. It creates a balance between highlighting changes in the middle values and the extreme values, thereby producing a result that is visually appealing and cartographically comprehensive. It was observed that the majority of the boreholes are sited on excellent to good groundwater potential zones where the geology is mainly sandstone and close to contact zones with diabase intrusions. The rest of the boreholes are sited on poor to very poor groundwater potential zones with a diamictite rock mass. According to Hattingh, 1996, the sedimentary rocks of the Wilgerivier Formation makes poor aquifers whereas, the cracks and fissures in intrusive rocks form the main aquifers, hence, groundwater occurs in fractured rock mass. The boreholes close to diabase intrusions make good aquifers irrespective of the groundwater prospecting zone. Borehole yields are limited, especially in sedimentary rocks, they are below 0.5 l/s, however, those sited on faults and fractures in intrusive rocks, can yield higher than 3 l/s. Typical borehole depth ranges between 40 and 120 m while the average range of depth of water level is between 10 to more than 40 m below ground level (mbgl) (DWA, 2011).