The Transformation of the “Indian Problem” :: Essays Papers

The Transformation of the Indian lineIn this paper, I plan to examine the marked transformation and the explanation of the so-called Indian Problem. The idea of an Indian Problem began with the arrival of white settlers in North America, and for them, it was a problem of safety, security, and land acquisition. Around 1890, the Indian Problem became an issue of how to help the Indians go extinct humanely, or to assimilate into white culture. The current conception of the Indian Problem started after World War II, and the act civil rights movement. People saw that the Indians werent going extinct and that they were keeping their cultures alive, and the Indian Problem shifted to undoing the damage that the policies of the federal government had cause. I lead be discussing the fact that the profound problems which characterize the Indian Problem now are a direct result of the actions taken in response to front conceptions of the Indian Problem.The Indian Problem emerged as an issue for white settlers who perceived Indians as savages, as a sub-human race. Because white settlers viewed Indians this way, they thought it was okay to use profligate military force. Through 19th century, this military force was used to conquer Indians and move them from their native lands and resettle them. Sicknesses that the white settlers had brought with them devastated the Indian population because Indians had not encountered these illnesses before, and they had no natural immunity to them. Additionally, white-Indian relations seem as though they were fragile from the start, perhaps with both sides over-reacting at times. Leaders of the new English colonies often used aggression and murder to try to intimidate the Indians into submission, and into giving food to the English. Angered at this treatment, Indians began fighting back, and killing, too. In some instances, the white settlers raided and stole food from the Indians. This worsened the already fractured rel ations between the two groups. Unprovoked attacks and kidnaping alternated with friendship and trade. From their experiences, Indians realized that these early Europeans were powerful and dangerous people who could not be trusted. However, the Indians had the advantage of twist numbers and an understanding of the land. For the English, their experiences strengthened their idea that they were superior to these savages in many ways, including culture, technology, societal organization and religion.

Alexander the Great Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander was born in July 356 B.C. to Philip II and his third wife, Olympias. The parents were far from a happy couple, and Alexander was raised primarily under the influence of his mother. At the age of thirteen, he was sent to study with Aristotlean education that was for the most part formal. Aristotle promoted the whim that non-Greeks were naturally slaves, thus encouraging the princes thirst for conquest. Ultimately, however, Alexander would reject this belief, at least implicitly, as he attempted to cooperate with the Persians even as he subjugated them.Returning to Macedonia after three years, Alexander soon had the opportunity to prove his strength in battle, as he subdued rebellions and contributed to his fathers famous supremacy over Athens and Thebes at Chaeronea. But when Philip divorced Olympias and married Cleopatra, Alexander began to fear that his father was looking for a new heir, and the father and son had a falling out. Their dispute was shortly resolved, but b oth remained suspicious of the other. Indeed, Philip was soon assassinated by a guard who presumably had a personal grievance, though Alexander and his mother are traditionally thought to have played some kind of role in Philips death.Alexander thus succeeded to the throne and began the required dynastic purging of enemies. At the same time, he had to force the other Greek city-states to acknowledge his authority as Hegemon of the Hellenic League, which Philip had established. In doing so,...

Ted Kaczynski, the UNABOMBER - An Ethical Case Study Essay -- Philosop

Ted Kaczynski, the UNABOMBER - An Ethical Case Study The intent of this study is to determine exactly how much responsibility Ted Kaczynski must hope for his actions as the UNABOMBER. The essential problem of the situation is that Kaczynski claims complete responsibility, but he has been ruled mentally ill by the State. He adamantly denies his illness, stating that social maladjustment, although technically a sickness, is distinct from an organic based illness, and therefore within his realm of free will. We will alike address the role his buddy and sister-in-law played in the tragedy, their motives, and the impact their pleas have brought to bear on the dilemma. We will examine this ethology from an costentialist perspective, as this is the most applicable to Ted Kaczynski himself. Case Summary During an 18-year period as the UNABOMBER, Ted Kaczynski wound 23 people and killed 3 with pipe bombs. He is a vehement anarchist and Luddite who feels that oversocializati on and technology are destroying Man and strangling out any figure of Freedom he may have ever possessed. According to section 114 of his manifesto, The system HAS TO regulate human behavior closely in order to serve well. Bureaucracies HAVE TO be run according to rigid rules. It is true that some restrictions on our freedom could be eliminated, but GENERALLY SPEAKING the regulation of our lives by large organizations is necessary for the functioning of industrial-technological society. The result is a sense of powerlessness on the part of the average person. It may be, however, that formal regulations will tend more and more to be replaced by psychological tools that make us want to do what the system requires of us. Evidenc... ... Conclusions Existentially, David has made the dominant decision in the end, and the truly free decision. Ted, as do most martyrs (which is how he views himself) has chosen to sacrifice his freedom by not ending his own life. Right to die? He has it every twenty-four hour period when he looks around him. If he leaves his right to die in someone elses hands, he accepts no responsibility and therefore does not truly exist as a free individual, and therefore does not have a right to die. The strengths of this model are that there is an intrinsic master and slave this is also the weakness, because Ted denied the existence of the master in that all men were there own masters. Unlike Ted, who claims to accept responsibility but actually denied it by denying the inequality of existence, his brother did accept the responsibility by choosing to exist in dominance.

El Nino and its Impact on Coral Reefs :: Geology

El Nino and its Impact on red coral ReefsIntroduction When individuals think of El Nino, they think of heavy wind, heavy rain, and the hot and cold temperatures in the victimize seasons. However, El Nino impacts are more than on earthly concern and their surroundings. El Nino impacts the sea as well. The changes El Nino brings to our survive brings changes to oceanic temperature. Changes in the ocean impact only forms of life in the ocean. It brings changes to fishes (affecting migration patterns), changes to aquatic vegetation growth, changes in the rest of the food chain , and most importantly changes (even death) to coral reefs. Coral reefs are more than collectible items, but they are a source of food, foster and protection for most fishes and other forms of life in the ocean. During El Nino, coral reefs are damaged by the change of temperature. This leaves fishes homeless and in danger. What is El Nino El Nino is a disruption of the ocean off the coast of so utheast America. El Nino starts when all the cold peeing on the bottom of the ocean does not accompany up to the surface because the craft winds blow differently during El Nino years. Instead, the warm water stays on top and becomes overheated. Then the water warms the jet streams, as well as sending more moisture into the air. El Nino has many important consequences for all the weather around the globe. For example, Illinois might be warm during its winter, and brazil nut might be cold during its summer. Rainfall follows the warm water eastward. This is associated with flooding in Peru and droughts occurring in Australia. This physical body of weather change is caused by El Nino. An El Nino may occur every three to seven years . It begins with a change in the trade winds. El Nino can last from a few months up to two years . It can be predicted a year before it happens. The warming of the ocean water begins in the Pacific and moves towards the coast of South America. During a p eriod of time that may last a year. A full blown El Nino starts in early December. El Nino effects stay put for many months. (El Nino Theme Page, 1996).History No one knows exactly when the El Nino occurred, but ice affection records from the Andes in Peru suggest these climate fluctuations have been give of Earths weather cycle forEl Nino and its Impact on Coral Reefs GeologyEl Nino and its Impact on Coral ReefsIntroduction When individuals think of El Nino, they think of heavy wind, heavy rain, and the hot and cold temperatures in the wrong seasons. However, El Nino impacts are more than on humans and their surroundings. El Nino impacts the sea as well. The changes El Nino brings to our weather brings changes to ocean temperature. Changes in the ocean impact all forms of life in the ocean. It brings changes to fishes (affecting migration patterns), changes to aquatic vegetation growth, changes in the rest of the food chain , and most importantly changes (even deat h) to coral reefs. Coral reefs are more than collectable items, but they are a source of food, shelter and protection for most fishes and other forms of life in the ocean. During El Nino, coral reefs are damaged by the change of temperature. This leaves fishes homeless and in danger. What is El Nino El Nino is a disruption of the ocean off the coast of South America. El Nino starts when all the cold water on the bottom of the ocean does not come up to the surface because the trade winds blow differently during El Nino years. Instead, the warm water stays on top and becomes overheated. Then the water warms the jet streams, as well as sending more moisture into the air. El Nino has many important consequences for all the weather around the globe. For example, Illinois might be warm during its winter, and Brazil might be cold during its summer. Rainfall follows the warm water eastward. This is associated with flooding in Peru and droughts occurring in Australia. This kind of weathe r change is caused by El Nino. An El Nino may occur every three to seven years . It begins with a change in the trade winds. El Nino can last from a few months up to two years . It can be predicted a year before it happens. The warming of the ocean water begins in the Pacific and moves towards the coast of South America. During a period of time that may last a year. A full blown El Nino starts in early December. El Nino effects continue for many months. (El Nino Theme Page, 1996).History No one knows exactly when the El Nino occurred, but ice core records from the Andes in Peru suggest these climate fluctuations have been part of Earths weather cycle for

Old man :: essays research papers

Plot OverviewThe Old Man and the Sea is the story of an epic struggle between an old, seasoned fisher while and the greatest gain of his life. For eighty-four days, Santiago, an aged Cuban fisher humans, has set out to sea and returned empty-handed. So conspicuously unlucky is he that the parents of his young devoted apprentice and friend, Manolin, have strained the boy to leave the old man in order to fish in a more prosperous boat. Nevertheless, the boy continues to care for the old man upon his return each night. He helps the old man tote his gear to his ramshackle hut, secures food for him, and discusses the latest developments in American baseball, especially the trials of the old mans hero, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago is confident that his unproductive streak will soon come to an end, and he resolves to sail out farther than usual the following day.On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago does as promised, sailing his skiff far beyond the islands shallow coastal wa ters and venturing into the Gulf Stream. He prepares his lines and drops them. At noon, a big fish, which he knows is a marlin, takes the bait that Santiago has placed one hundred fathoms deep in the waters. The old man expertly hooks the fish, but he cannot pull it in. Instead, the fish begins to pull the boat.Unable to tie the line fast to the boat for fear the fish would snap a nasty line, the old man bears the strain of the line with his shoulders, back, and hands, ready to give slack should the marlin make a run. The fish pulls the boat all through the day, through the night, through another day, and through another night. It swims steadily northwest until at last it tires and swims east with the current. The entire time, Santiago endures constant pain from the fishing line. Whenever the fish lunges, leaps, or makes a dash for freedom, the cord cuts him badly. Although wounded and weary, the old man feels a deep empathy and admiration for the marlin, his brother in suffering , strength, and resolve.On the third day the fish tires, and Santiago, sleep-deprived, aching, and nearly delirious, manages to pull the marlin in close enough to kill it with a harpoon thrust. Dead beside the skiff, the marlin is the largest Santiago has ever seen.

Old man :: essays research papers

Plot OverviewThe Old Man and the Sea is the story of an epic struggle between an hoar, flavor fisherman and the greatest catch of his life. For eighty-four days, Santiago, an aged Cuban fisherman, has set out to sea and returned empty-handed. So conspicuously unlucky is he that the parents of his young habituated apprentice and friend, Manolin, have forced the boy to leave the old man in order to fish in a more prosperous boat. Nevertheless, the boy continues to care for the old man upon his return each night. He helps the old man tote his gear to his ramshackle hut, secures food for him, and discusses the latest developments in American baseb all(prenominal), especially the trials of the old mans hero, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago is confident that his unproductive streak will soon come to an end, and he resolves to sail out farther than usual the following day.On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago does as promised, sailing his skiff far beyond the islands shallow coastal amnionic fluid and venturing into the Gulf Stream. He prepares his lines and drops them. At noon, a big fish, which he knows is a marlin, takes the bait that Santiago has placed one hundred fathoms deep in the waters. The old man expertly hooks the fish, but he cannot pull it in. Instead, the fish begins to pull the boat.Unable to tie the line fast to the boat for fear the fish would snap a taut line, the old man bears the strain of the line with his shoulders, back, and hands, ready to give slack should the marlin make a run. The fish pulls the boat all through the day, through the night, through another day, and through another night. It swims steadily northwest until at last it tires and swims east with the current. The entire time, Santiago endures constant bother from the fishing line. Whenever the fish lunges, leaps, or makes a dash for freedom, the cord cuts him badly. Although wounded and weary, the old man feels a deep empathy and admiration for the marlin, his bro ther in suffering, strength, and resolve.On the third day the fish tires, and Santiago, sleep-deprived, aching, and nearly delirious, manages to pull the marlin in close enough to kill it with a harpoon thrust. Dead beside the skiff, the marlin is the largest Santiago has ever seen.

Learning Team Reflection Essay

Statistics refers to the use of numerical information in everyday life to calculate facts and figures in limitless circumstances. In addition, statistics refers to the scientific collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. This week the classs objectives were to apply the criterions in tryouting a research hypothesis, to compare the means of devil or more groups, and to calculate the correlativity in the midst of both shiftings. Learning Team Ds members have reflected on each of these issues and share their insights on these objectives.Testing a Research HypothesisThe purpose of testing a research hypothesis is to prove or disprove the research principal. The first step in testing a research hypothesis is to state the problem in the form of a question. The second step is to state the research question as it relates to the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. Then the parameters must be set to test the null hypothesis. T he fourth step is to calculate the probability of the test statistics or rejection region. Finally, the findings from the tests must be stated. The hypothesis was familiar to one group member, so she felt comfortable with the proceeds. She did not struggle with any particular topic this week. This weeks topics directly relate to her field of study. As an accountant it is important to have a good understanding of mean, median, and mode, as well as statistical probability. These topics are all a part of learning to analyze information and make educated and well-thought business decisions.Compare the Means of Two or More GroupsThe experimental method of comparing the means of devil or more groups is a pretty common occurrence in statistical research. The office for estimating and testing the hypothesis when using a single sample population will also apply in a case scenario with two or more groups or populationshowever, modifications are required for accuracy. In other words, the 5- Step Hypothesis Testing procedure is used with multiple sample experiment, as well. Whenever the area of please involves the differences, comparison, proportions or variability, then data can be collected on two or more groupsthis would be considered the target parameter (Lind, Marchal, & Wathen, 2011). In a quantitative analysis the interest is more likely to compare means or variances whereas, a qualitative experiment with two outcomes is more likely to focusing on success or failure.When comparing the means of two or more groups these populations can both or all be independent and the expectancy is to determine the reason for a difference in the meansthis would deliver a result where the means are other than zero. The typical assumption is that on that point will be a normal distribution and that a random sample is collected for each of the populations. Another characteristic of comparing means of two or more groups is that when standard deviation is known or unknown and the population sample is large, then a z distribution (z-test) is used and in the case where it is unknown and the sample size is small, then a t distribution (t-test) is used. However, in the case where the experiment calls for a test of two or more dependent samples for one group or population, then a paired t-test is used to draw results (Lind, Marchal, & Wathen, 2011).Calculate the Correlation Between Two VariablesWhen compute the correlation between two variables, the objective is to see how one variable is influenced by another variable. The bivariate relationship displays the connection between two variables (x and y) and correlation shows how to measure their relationship. The correlation is calculated using the coefficient of correlation. This measurement calculates the power between the two variables (x and y). (Coefficient correlation) The coefficient correlation will have limits between -1 and +1, and doesnt rely on the initial nurtures of x or y. The coefficient correlati on would suggest the higher the number, the higher the correlation, and the lower the number, the lower the correlation (but this is a linear correlation). A value of zero will indicate no correlation.In conclusion, the team learned that once a hypothesis has been formed the next step is to test it for betrothal or rejection. An experiment must then be created to determine ifthe predictions were correct or not. In many situations the interest lies in discovering relationships between the means of two or more groups. T-tests and analysis of variance are widely used statistical methods to compare group means. Moreover, the team learned how to calculate the correlation between two variables to determine the relationship or affect of one variable upon another. The correlation between two variables suggests that a change in one variable will cause a proportional change in the other variable.ReferenceLind, D. A., Marchal, W. G., & Wathen, S. A. (2011). Basic statistics for business and e conomics (7th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Analysis of as new park case study Essay

Analysis of as smart viridity case reputationIntroduction The proviso process carrys developers, communities, engineers, planners, and government. The involvement of all the stakeh grey-haireders in planning process take cares that a project is positively implemented in the public interests (Carmona, 2010). The new project would commence as an improvement the hoar urban center. The old metropolis was widely used by women and children. Although it was developed 30 years ago, it still remained as the best choice for the state living at its vicinity. It formed the best recreation centre for people during warm winter season. The new park would renew the old trees, grass, and build new shades and buildings that would be used to shade people during hot weather. The case involved closed down of the old city for 2 years and relocation of people living around the city to place where there were no social amenities such as schools and recreation centre. The case represents of u nethical issues that pertains to urban planning evident through the developers. The ethical issues include closure of the city and denying people their recreational facility. The new park outgrowth would deny people a chance to hump their recreational facilities, which is professionally unethical to a developer. In addition, the developer would be destroying peoples heritage on old trees and grass. The modern buildings would destroy the old trees and grass heritage in the new park. Moreover, it is not ethical to transfer people from their own comfort order where they enjoyed social amenities such as schools, parks and early(a) infrastructures such other shopping malls to a place where they no longer enjoy the amenities. The go is believed to on self- interests that do not care about other community. In planning process, it is important for planners and developers to consider professional ethical motive small-arm executing their city planning so that respect between commun ities and the affected people is maintained (Allen, 2009). In this case, the most probable solution would be first to develop the knowledge base where the two communities would be relocated in front relocating them. It would be most appropriate if the government could start by developing infrastructures such as roads, schools, hospitals, and recreational centres before displacing people in towns if the new park would not be avoidable. On the other hand, a new park could be developed elsewhere and the old one be renovated to maintain national heritage. Moreover, the old park renovation should not be closed for a long period and should developers should allow people to access the park even under forceions.The renovation of the park would ensure that the national heritage on traditional trees and grass would not be undone therefore maintain it as way of protecting the countries indigenous species. This would ensure that people are not relocated from their original comfort zon e. Consequently, development of body politic that the two communities were transferred would ensure that the communities living standards would not be affected except their geographical shift. The move would maintain the respect between the communities, planners, developers and engineers as their lives get out not be affected. The solution approach where the planners would ensure that all the social amenities are developed before relocation would ensure that the professional code of morals on the conscious on the right of a third party would be upheld (American Planning Association, 2009). In addition, the code of ethics on fairly transaction with all the people involved in the process forget be highly upheld. However, the value of professional code of ethics on heritage will be violated through electing a new park and indigenous trees will be destroyed. The planners will have made sure that the decision fashioning process involves all the party and thus no one would be ne gatively affected by the new project. Similarly, the second approach of electing the new park elsewhere would ensure professional code of ethics for planners to ensure social justice and responsibility not to disadvantage people would be upheld. This solution would ensure that people are not relocated and at the same time the national heritage is maintained. The value of heritage that is attributed to indigenous trees will be upheld while that of excellence design and updated design will be violated (American Planning Association, 2009). Both solutions would minimize the negative impacts of the planning in the city. However, the best solution will be to design and construct the new park elsewhere near the old park. The solutions to planning dispute safeguard the rights of the people and the professional ethics of the planners (Staatskoerant, 2011).The old park can only be renovated so that the heritage of the city will be upheld. Similarly, there would be relocation of people t o new areas and thus they will be fairly treated and their lives will not be affected. In addition, the solution will ensure that people are not denied their rights to enjoy themselves during winter. Renovation for the old park could be done during summer when people are not using the park so that they would not be limited access during winter. The move will impact positively to people living there and would retain the respect of communities to developers. The solution would limit the planners, developers and engineers from implementing their own design and planning of the city. In addition, the people would not have a chance to enjoy a modern facility. However, there would still be a chance for them to construct a new park elsewhere in the city and increase the number of parks. One that would be rich in heritage and there other one would be modern. Although space and area allocation may be a problem, a new park elsewhere would stand out for this case. closing In conclusi on, it can be noted that planners, developers and engineers should highly consider professional ethics when carrying out new projects that would impact negatively to the public. All planning processes should involve all stakeholders and fair implementation of the project should be considered to avoid unethical issues that are evidenced in the case of new park development.ReferencesAllen, J. (2009).Event planning Ethics and etiquette a principled approach to the business of special event management. Mississauga, Ont Wiley.American Planning Association,. (2009). AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Planning.org. Retrieved 13 May 2014, from http//www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode.htmCarmona, M. (2010). Public places, urban spaces the dimension of urban design. Oxon Routledge.Staatskoerant,. (2011). Code of ethics and professional conduct for the urban and regional planning profession. Gov.za. Retrieved 13 May 2014, from http//www.gov.za/documents/download.php?f=147400 charac ter document

How the Macroeconomic Environment Affects Human Resource Essay

A microenvironment is simply a small environment within the operations of a business in which in that respect atomic number 18 specialized features that shake off environment different from another(prenominal) business environments. In essence, it is the nearby and surrounding factors that walk out and determine this environment. These factors affect the ability of the family in terms of service provision. As a matter of fact, it affects the supplies of the friendship, market placeing strategies, marketing intermediaries, public relations and customary ships union operations. Generally, a business microenvironment refers to the factors or elements within a particular governing and its immediate argona of operations that in one way or another, has an resolution on the achievement of the company as well as the decision making processes of the company or business. mention Cal14 l 1033 (Monroe 2014)These elements atomic number 18 among the general public, since they form the bulk of the market, the channels of dispersion among others. At the end of the day, this environment is of much importance to the success of a business. This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the microenvironments and macro environments of supermarkets as well as roving companies thereby giving the empirical and theoretical relationships between the performance and of these business organizations as comp bed to their environments. The best(p) strategy of analyzing the microenvironment of a business organization is with the SWOT proficiency in which one analyzes the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats within the company. quotation mark Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)The Strengths of a Company greatly determine the success of business organizations. The strength of a business organization net be measured in terms of technological advancements, economies of scale as well as the availability of resources. The technology of a runny company determines the amou nt of their sales. For instance, high levels of technology for a mobile company would reduce the cost of achievement that a company incurs. Decrease in cost of exertion simply implies that the company makes super normal profits, that is, profits greater than zero. Technology therefore plays a very key portion. Economies of Scale have the same effect as well. Economies of scale simply imply to the companys or supermarkets market base. Companies that enjoy economies of scale lower their cost of production, thereby change magnitude their profit margins. Resource availability is also equally important. As a matter of fact, the importance of availability of resources to any business organization can never be underestimated. Resource availability is could imply human, natural or financial resource. All these are the drivers of the business, twain in a mobile company as well as for supermarkets. book of facts Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.)The weaknesses within an organization also determine its level of performance to a very large extent. What matters at the end of the day is how the supermarket or mobile company in question addresses the weakness that it faces in terms of operation. The most common weaknesses in either of these deuce enterprises are in terms of the prices, globalization and marketing. For mobile companies for instance, it is very difficult to dumbfound up with price floors owing to the products they produce. Generally, mobile phones are relatively expensive. As such, they are not the easiest products to market. Globalization on the other hand, is important since it determines the market base and network of a business. Most mobile companies have done hugely well in this particular area. CITATION Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)Opportunities and Threats play a very crucial role in the microenvironment of a business organization. They either make or break the organization. The opportunities of supermarkets and mobile companies most of the time come as a ensue of collaboration. For instance, supermarkets can collaborate with the companies that they sell their products. It is through such strategies that supermarkets can easily give their clients discounts and offers. Discounts and offers are simply marketing strategies in which business organizations attract their customers. Mobile companies, on the other hand, can take advantage of their opportunities through collaboration with other electronic companies. For instance, they could collaborate with network service providers and as such use this platform to market their products. It is very important therefore, for a company to take advantage of whatsoever opportunity that comes their way. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)A threat is another factor that is prevalent in the microeconomic environment of a business. there are various forms of threats that can affect the performance of a business. Threats may result from social, political or economic sources. H owever, common threats that mobile companies and supermarkets face are in relation to risks and uncertainties. Risks and uncertainties face almost every business and they could be in terms of price fluctuations, the risk of a technology becoming obsolete, market variations and so on. Competition is another threat that mobile companies as well as supermarkets have to deal with. It is a challenge that also comes an opportunity. Competition encourages organizations to come up with more advanced forms of technology for instance of mobile companies. Supermarkets, on the other hand, experience a lot of competition due to the homogeneity of products. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)The next part of the paper gives an insight on the macroeconomic market. This market environment deals with broader economic issues such as inflation, unemployment, national income and GDP. The Pestel model is the best analysis to use so as to examine this economic environment. The Pestel assessment basically deals with the political environment, the environmental environment, the social, technological, economic and finally the legal environment that surrounds an organization. Basically, a macro environment defines the conditions that exist in the whole economy as opposed to particular sections or regions in the economy. As such, this environment follows up the trends in the GDP market, monetary policies, fiscal policies, level of spending as well as employment. CITATION Dee06 l 1033 (Deepashree 2006) The political environment generally deals with the political factors that affect the performance of a business. Political factors, more often than not, come with policies. The fiscal and monetary policies for instance, affect businesses to a great deal. This depends on whether they are expansionary or contractionary. The presidential term of a country has control of most businesses. Another way through which political factors affect businesses is through the political environment of a country, that is, whether the political temperatures are favorable for investment. Political instabilities in a country greatly discourage investment. This affects both mobile companies and supermarkets since it raises the question of globalization. With high political temperatures, it becomes very difficult to research global markets. CITATION Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.)The environment, on its own affects the performance of a business. The environment of a business is basically determined by the climatical conditions. The climate, or weather, in this case, will mostly affect a supermarket. As a matter of fact, there are goods whose demand rises with temperature. Such goods are among electronic fans. Supermarkets are bound to experience increase in sale of such product in the hot weather. On the other hand, there are other products such as umbrellas whose demand is bound to increase with the onset of cold weather. As such, though to a small extent, environmental factor s play a role as factors in the macroeconomic environment. CITATION Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)Social and cultural factors have a major effect as elements in the macroeconomic environment. This segment affects the performance of a business through the traditions, customs and beliefs of a society. It also deals with the issue of aging. Aging has an indirect effect on the demand and supply of a commodity. For the on the job(p) population, when they age, they are paid handsomely in terms of pension. As a result, most of them might tend to spend more on luxury goods. This is how mobile companies get to benefit. The general consumption for this proportion of population increases and as such, this also affects supermarkets. The beliefs and attitudes of a population also determine the consumption pattern through tastes and preferences. CITATION Cal14 l 1033 (Monroe 2014)Technological factors affect the operations and performance of a business to a very large extent. Technology has a direct effect on production costs. This is because high levels of technology imply less production costs. The relationship between technology and consumption is quite simple. Technology is a major factor of production, both for mobile companies and supermarkets. There is low demand of human resource with high levels of technology. This makes production relatively cheaper. The total cost of production reduces as well. The end result of this is that the profit margin increases. Technology may also become obsolete and this has a negative impact on the performance of the business. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)Economic factors are the other factors that are prevalent in the macro environment of a business. Under this umbrella lie major issues to do with inflation, unemployment, GDP, Per Capita Income and many others. These factors generally bring on an economic environment and have the same effect on mobile companies and supermarkets depending on their degree of severit y. A highly inflated economy means that the general price level of goods be it in supermarkets or from mobile phone companies. As a result, such an economy does not encourage investment by either of the two enterprises. CITATION Dee06 l 1033 (Deepashree 2006)Legal factors these are legislations that affect the performance of a business. The quota system, for instance, is a legislation that affects the amount of imports. Narrowing down to mobile companies, they are affected by government policies to a very great extent. This is because their transactions mainly involve importation and exportation of products. Most governments have extremely blind drunk laws and regulations. Governments are often very strict especially with the quality of goods they import. Moreover, with respect to supermarkets, governments may have very strict regulations with regard to importation so as to promote local industries. Such issues affect the performance of companies to a very great extent. Taxes, whic h are stipulated by the government, are other pieces of legislation that both mobile companies and supermarkets have to come to terms with. From the above analysis, we can conclude that both the macro environment and the microenvironment have on the performance of a business, both positively. CITATION Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.)Referencesl 1033 Arvil Van Adams, Robert S. Goldfarb, Terence Kelly. How the Macroeconomic Environment Affects Human Resource. n.d.Deepashree. Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Environment. Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2006.Leslie Hamilton, Philip Webster. International Business Environment. Oxford University Press, 2012.Monroe, Calvin. An Analysis of the UK Mobile Environment. smile Verlag, 2014.Subrata Ghatak, Nige Healey, Peter Jackson. The Macroecoomic Environment. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2007.Source document

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

The beginning of Games in Sir Gawain and the greenish cavalry The matter of highs plays a very(prenominal) important role in Sir Gawain and the Green cavalry. In concomitant, much of the pull through that takes place in this tale revolves around the performing of various granulars. When one thinks of the word granuloses, there are several thoughts that may come to mind. Sports, board games, and display board games are each(prenominal) types of games that society today might be familiar with. The informant of Sir Gawain and the Green gentle uses different kinds of games than the ones mentioned above.In the time of Sir Arthur and his court, the word game wasnt as potently associated with slightlything pleasurable as it was meant to test ones worthiness. When the Green horse cavalry enters Arthurs court and announces that he has come to ask a Christmas game, he has non come to play cards or scrabble, but instead has come to test the worthiness of someone in the c ourt. The game of exchanging clothes was very common in Germanic culture. If a man received a gift, he was obliged to provide the giver with a better gift or risk losing his honor, intimately like an exchange of violates in a fight, or in a beheading game (Harwood).Many other games are involved in the plot of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Throughout the third section of the poem for example, we see Gawains troopss wife play games with Gawain. Gawain views his arrangement of trading with his host as a game (line 1380). Even from the beginning, the Knight plays a game of sorts with Arthurs court by criticizing and close taunting the court for failing to live up to its reputation What, is this Arthurs house, verbalize that horseman then, Whose fame is so fair in far realms and wide? Where is now your arrogance and your awesome deeds, our valor and your victories and your vaunting words? (lines 308-311) Eventually the reader discovers all of the events of the story are a game of Arthurs sister, Morgan Le Fay. Throughout the telling of the story it becomes evident that the author is playing a game with the mind of the reader. This essay allow for explore the theme of games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as well as how they might be connected. The foundation of the entire plot of the story begins with the Christmas game that the Green Knight has come to play with Arthurs court. The court initially believes hat the mysterious knight has come for grapple bare (line 277). When the Green Knight reveals that he pass on exchange one blow for a nonher, it seems like it would be an easy victory for an opponent, seeing that no one expects the knight to survive later being decapitate with his ingest axe. Surprisingly, the knight picks up his severed head and leaves. This severely heightens the seriousness of Gawains promise to let the knight have a blow at his own head in exactly one year. Arthur clearly downplays the importance of this promise, saying, No w, sir, hang up your axe, and return to the feast (Line 477).Arthur clearly tries to write absent the importance of the contest before Gawain beheads the knight with his own axe, as if he foresees Gawains eventual success Keep, cousin, said the king, what you cut with this day And if you rule it aright, then readily, I know, You shall stand the guessing it will strike after (Lines 371-374). time neither Gawain nor the reader is aware of the game that is already occurring throughout the plot of the poem, this same game continues to unfold as Gawain arrives at the castle on Christmas Eve.Bercilak, who plays host to Gawain, continues to trick Gawain by not revealing that he is the Green Knight from Arthurs castle. He allows Gawain to die hard at his castle, on the condition that anything acquired throughout the day as a result of staying there would be given to Bercilak as a gift. In return, anything that Bercilak acquired eon hunting would be gifted to Gawain. We see another repr esentation of Games within hunting, as hunting is sometimes viewed as a game in itself.Gawain sees this uncouth exchange of things won over the course of the day as a game, although Bercilak describes this arrangement as a covenant (Line 1384). It also becomes apparent that the hosts wife is playing her own games with Gawain by sneaking into his quarters and trying to seduce him. It is at this portend in the story in which Gawain breaks a major rule of the game by not telling Bercilak about the gird, which supposedly holds magical powers that would prevent any harm from coming to Gawain.Gawain does not fail because he accepts the girdle, but or else because he fails to gift the girdle to Bercilak as something won throughout the course of the day. Since Gawain believes that the girdle would give him the power to survive the blow of the Green Knights axe, he fails to reach over his item to his host. Before Gawain goes to bed on this third night of his stay, Bercilak reminds Gawa in, Every promise on my part shall be fully performed (Line 1970).This is a mite to the reader that the host is already aware of the fact that Gawain decided not to share this girdle that was gifted to him. When Gawain finally leaves the castle and finds the Green Knight wait to hold up his end of the bargain, the Green knight continues to play games with Gawain by teasing him with the axe. He stops at first after Gawain flinches and taunts him for moving. Once Gawain form still and the Knight deals his blow, only scratching the neck of Gawain, the Green Knight reveals his true identity, as well as the identity of Morgan Le Fay.It is at this point the reader realizes that almost everything that has happened up to this point is just a part of an elaborate game. This game was designed at the hands of Morgan Le Fay to teach Gawain, as well as the other knights of Arthurs court, that even the most noble of knights are human and candid to failure at the hands of temptation. As Gawain returns still corrosion the green girdle around his arm, it is evident that this game has also taught him another valuable lesson the lesson of humility (Bennett).Gawain returns to Arthurs court, still wearing the girdle in outrage as a reminder to al shipway follow the rules of the game. After Sir Gawain shares his tales of deceit and trickery, the other knights deem it appropriate to also wear green sashes as a reminder of the risk that Gawain had. Finally, there are at least two more games that the author plays with the reader throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The first and most evident game is the fact that the author hides important information from the reader until the end, and then reveals this information.Such information includes but is not limited to the hosts true identity, the reason for the Christmas game, and the fact that Gawains aunt, Morgan Le Fay, originated the game. While concealing this information is critical to the progression of the story, it still represents a more subtle game that is being played by the author. A much more subtle game played by the author, however, is the way that the author sneaks moral instruction into a poem which, up until about the digest three hundred lines, is almost purely entertainment(Putter).The author clearly expresses to the reader that even Gawain, the noblest of knights, is human and subject to failings. Whether in the fourteenth century or today, the authors message holds significant meaning. It is apparent that we are in fact all human, and at some point or another, subject to some type of failure. I believe that this is the message that the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight wanted to pass along to the reader. In conclusion, the theme of games is demonstrated in numerous different ways throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.It is seen in the actions of the Green Knight and Morgan Le Fay towards Gawain. It is also evident that similar games are played between the author a nd the reader. All of these games withdraw together significantly to reveal what I believe is the key message of this poem Regardless of social status, we are all human, we are all subject to temptation, and most importantly, we are all, at some point, almost certainly subject to failure. Works Cited 1. Harwood, Britton J. Gawain and the Gift, PMLA 106. 3 (1991) pp. 48399. 2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in The Norton Anthology of position Literature, Sixth Edition, script One. General Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York Norton, 1993. 3. Bennett, Michael J. The Historical Background in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors. Cambridge D. S. Brewer, 1997. pp. 71-90 4. Putter, Ad. An Introduction to the Gawain-poet. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1996.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightThe Theme of Games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight The theme of games plays a very important role in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In fact, much of the action that ta kes place in this story revolves around the playing of various games. When one thinks of the word games, there are several thoughts that may come to mind. Sports, board games, and card games are all types of games that society today might be familiar with. The author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight uses different kinds of games than the ones mentioned above.In the time of Sir Arthur and his court, the word game wasnt as strongly associated with something pleasurable as it was meant to test ones worthiness. When the Green Knight enters Arthurs court and announces that he has come to ask a Christmas game, he has not come to play cards or scrabble, but instead has come to test the worthiness of someone in the court. The game of exchanging gifts was very common in Germanic culture. If a man received a gift, he was obliged to provide the giver with a better gift or risk losing his honor, almost like an exchange of blows in a fight, or in a beheading game (Harwood).Many other games a re involved in the plot of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Throughout the third section of the poem for example, we see Gawains hosts wife play games with Gawain. Gawain views his arrangement of trading with his host as a game (line 1380). Even from the beginning, the Knight plays a game of sorts with Arthurs court by criticizing and almost taunting the court for failing to live up to its reputation What, is this Arthurs house, said that horseman then, Whose fame is so fair in far realms and wide? Where is now your arrogance and your awesome deeds, our valor and your victories and your vaunting words? (lines 308-311) Eventually the reader discovers all of the events of the story are a game of Arthurs sister, Morgan Le Fay. Throughout the telling of the story it becomes evident that the author is playing a game with the mind of the reader. This essay will explore the theme of games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as well as how they might be connected. The foundation of the enti re plot of the story begins with the Christmas game that the Green Knight has come to play with Arthurs court. The court initially believes hat the mysterious knight has come for contest bare (line 277). When the Green Knight reveals that he will exchange one blow for another, it seems like it would be an easy victory for an opponent, seeing that no one expects the knight to survive after being beheaded with his own axe. Surprisingly, the knight picks up his severed head and leaves. This severely heightens the seriousness of Gawains promise to let the knight have a blow at his own head in exactly one year. Arthur clearly downplays the importance of this promise, saying, Now, sir, hang up your axe, and return to the feast (Line 477).Arthur clearly tries to write off the importance of the contest before Gawain beheads the knight with his own axe, as if he foresees Gawains eventual success Keep, cousin, said the king, what you cut with this day And if you rule it aright, then readily, I know, You shall stand the stroke it will strike after (Lines 371-374). While neither Gawain nor the reader is aware of the game that is already occurring throughout the plot of the poem, this same game continues to unfold as Gawain arrives at the castle on Christmas Eve.Bercilak, who plays host to Gawain, continues to trick Gawain by not revealing that he is the Green Knight from Arthurs castle. He allows Gawain to stay at his castle, on the condition that anything acquired throughout the day as a result of staying there would be given to Bercilak as a gift. In return, anything that Bercilak acquired while hunting would be gifted to Gawain. We see another representation of Games within hunting, as hunting is sometimes viewed as a game in itself.Gawain sees this mutual exchange of things won over the course of the day as a game, although Bercilak describes this arrangement as a covenant (Line 1384). It also becomes apparent that the hosts wife is playing her own games with Gawain b y sneaking into his quarters and trying to seduce him. It is at this point in the story in which Gawain breaks a major rule of the game by not telling Bercilak about the girdle, which supposedly holds magical powers that would prevent any harm from coming to Gawain.Gawain does not fail because he accepts the girdle, but rather because he fails to gift the girdle to Bercilak as something won throughout the course of the day. Since Gawain believes that the girdle would give him the power to survive the blow of the Green Knights axe, he fails to hand over his relic to his host. Before Gawain goes to bed on this third night of his stay, Bercilak reminds Gawain, Every promise on my part shall be fully performed (Line 1970).This is a hint to the reader that the host is already aware of the fact that Gawain decided not to share this girdle that was gifted to him. When Gawain finally leaves the castle and finds the Green Knight waiting to hold up his end of the bargain, the Green knight con tinues to play games with Gawain by teasing him with the axe. He stops at first after Gawain flinches and taunts him for moving. Once Gawain remains still and the Knight deals his blow, only scratching the neck of Gawain, the Green Knight reveals his true identity, as well as the identity of Morgan Le Fay.It is at this point the reader realizes that almost everything that has happened up to this point is just a part of an elaborate game. This game was designed at the hands of Morgan Le Fay to teach Gawain, as well as the other knights of Arthurs court, that even the most noble of knights are human and subject to failure at the hands of temptation. As Gawain returns still wearing the green girdle around his arm, it is evident that this game has also taught him another valuable lesson the lesson of humility (Bennett).Gawain returns to Arthurs court, still wearing the girdle in shame as a reminder to always follow the rules of the game. After Sir Gawain shares his tales of deceit and t rickery, the other knights deem it appropriate to also wear green sashes as a reminder of the adventure that Gawain had. Finally, there are at least two more games that the author plays with the reader throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The first and most obvious game is the fact that the author hides important information from the reader until the end, and then reveals this information.Such information includes but is not limited to the hosts true identity, the reason for the Christmas game, and the fact that Gawains aunt, Morgan Le Fay, originated the game. While concealing this information is critical to the progression of the story, it still represents a more subtle game that is being played by the author. A much more subtle game played by the author, however, is the way that the author sneaks moral instruction into a poem which, up until about the last three hundred lines, is almost purely entertainment(Putter).The author clearly expresses to the reader that even Gawai n, the noblest of knights, is human and subject to failings. Whether in the fourteenth century or today, the authors message holds significant meaning. It is apparent that we are in fact all human, and at some point or another, subject to some type of failure. I believe that this is the message that the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight wanted to pass along to the reader. In conclusion, the theme of games is demonstrated in many different ways throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.It is seen in the actions of the Green Knight and Morgan Le Fay towards Gawain. It is also evident that similar games are played between the author and the reader. All of these games tie together significantly to reveal what I believe is the key message of this poem Regardless of social status, we are all human, we are all subject to temptation, and most importantly, we are all, at some point, almost certainly subject to failure. Works Cited 1. Harwood, Britton J. Gawain and the Gift, PMLA 106 . 3 (1991) pp. 48399. 2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume One. General Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York Norton, 1993. 3. Bennett, Michael J. The Historical Background in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors. Cambridge D. S. Brewer, 1997. pp. 71-90 4. Putter, Ad. An Introduction to the Gawain-poet. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1996.

My Police Dream Essay

My name is Brianna Knight. There are many reasons to why its my dream to incur a patrol officeholder, but Im going to highlight my top three reasons of why I would like to be a cop. To administer and Protect, a phrase known by everyone, but only a few know the meaning and are willing to live by it. As a law officer it is their duty to serve and be loyal to their county, along with their officers and to do anything in their power to protect. I know what it takes to agnise and understand the dangers of life. To prevent harm and ensure the safety of others, I believe, is a very valuable trait to find in one applying to be an officer of the law.This is something I pride myself in. Some people my age seem to want to stay away from the word responsibilities. The way I look at it, is the to a greater extent responsibilities the greater the accomplish ments. Every decision one makes in life comes with some sort of responsibility. It is up to that person to decide how they react to it and what actions they decide to take. Being a police officer comes with great responsibilities, something Ive thought long and hard about. I wouldnt take on something I know I couldnt handle. Like Ive said, this is my dream.Being a police officer is not an easy job. Im not looking for easy. Pushing yourself towards your goals and never talent up no matter what kind of obstacles may come your way gives one a sense of respect in oneself. I respect others, but respect is not just given overnight. It takes hard work and motivation, one must earn respect. Having respect from others is an important thing to have in this particular position. Im a very determined individual, and when I set my mind to something I will go to great measures to reach and accomplish my goals. beholding anyone have the same drive and motivation is something that earns my respect, for it has given me respect in myself. I have a great amount of respect for our police men and women. I would love to be a part of tha t. As a little girl there has been a tug towards becoming a police officer, who didnt want to become a cop as a child? Now that I am grown that tug is still there. I want to give my son the best life I can possibly give, and to show him that he can be whatever his heart desires. I want to be someone he looks up to and hopefully one day he will follow in my footsteps.If not as a cop then to work as hard as I did in whatever that tug is for him and to conquer his dreams. This is why it is time for me to stop imagine and start doing. I feel like I have what it takes physically and mentally to be a valuable asset to the police force. If and when Im given the chance to show how serious this is to me, one will see how qualified I am to be able to call myself a police officer, someone that serves and protects his community. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Edi System

EDI Electronic info Interchanges Electronic Data Interchanges technical schoolnology is a complicated mixture of three disciplines business, data impact and data communication. Integrated with logistics practices EDI can be defined as the electronic reciprocation of business data, much(prenominal) as purchase dictates, invoices, and shipping notices, typically between angiotensin-converting enzyme organization and an otherwise. The relationship is usually between a vendor and customer. EDI began in the 1970s and was prototypic true by the automobile Industry.Today is personad in different industries including distribution, finance, health c ar, manufacturing, purchasing, retail, publishing, and shipping. EDI system is in evolution and is adapting to the current market situation. In fact, EDI is a technology that many companies ar using in its logistics practices in international grant chain mathematical operations. Many businesses choose EDI as a fast, inexpensive, and safe method of move all chronicles physical exercised on business. Any business application that implements EDI works in a fast, efficient and paperless environment.The traditional document f beginning for purchasing transactions starts with data entry by the purchaser to create a paper document to send by mail to handicraft partners. Once the trading partners set about the data, they keystroke the information received into a local application and then perform more data entry by entering a response into a local application. The resultant paper document is then mailed to the purchaser. The procedure is both time consuming and labor intensive because data from both trading partners has to be entered twice.EDI data is key in only one time, at the original point of entry. The data is then translated into a standard format electronically and sent to the trading partner electronically. Time for transmission is very fast in comparison to postal mail. Even on a slow modem society the time is considerably shorter than through the postal service. EDI Benefits Removing unnecessary bidding tasks benefits the whole supply chain, allowing improved performance and comprise management. By using Electronic Data Interchange systems companies have made significant improvements, benefits and savings.Over 160. 000 companies have made the change to electronic data interchange to improve their efficiencies. Many of these companies require all of their partners to in any case use EDI. Studies have shown that manually processing a paper ordinate can cost 70 times more than processing the like order thru EDI. The most relevant benefits ar * Much less labor time is mandatory and fewer errors are made because computer systems process the documents rather than processing by hand. When a company reduces manual work and administration reduce the process operating cost. EDI is commonly used instead of faxing and mailing paper documents improving the efficiency of communicati ng documents. When the timing of the invoice to goods delivery is shortened it improves the invoice approval and streamlines its payment. * Fewer errors occur because computer systems process the documents rather than processing by hand * Data integrity can be secured across the supply chain because suppliers information is automatically sent to customers systems. Improved processing efficiency increases the prospect to negotiate early settlement discounts, reducing the cost base for customers. Business transactions flow faster Faster transactions detain reduction in inventory levels, better use of warehouse space, fewer out-of-stock occurrences and lower freight costs through fewer emergencies expedites. EDI Barriers Standards are a necessary part of EDI. each business has application files that are used to manipulate their data in ways that are familiar to the business. The problem is that most businesses though using the same types of data do not use the same application prog rams or hardware and software platforms.If businesses are to be competent to communicate their data to one another, they must have a common ground to meet on to allow the exchange of the information. Standards are the solutions to this problem. All business that conforms to specific standards can trade data in the formats delineated by those standards. Data processing One of the proficient fields required to implement EDI is data processing. Data processing allows the EDI operation to take information that is resident in a drug user application and transform that data into a format that is recognizable to all other user applications that have an interest in using the data.In the EDI environment, data processing will handle both outgoing and incoming data. The user-defined files are the files that are produced by a business application. These files whitethorn or may not be formatted by the user. These are the business files that need to be translated into the ANSI X12 or EDIFACT standard format. Standards The heart of EDI is the document standards. Every business has application files that are used to manipulate their data. The problem is that most businesses, though using the same type of data, do not use the same programs, software and hardware platforms. The solutions to this problem are the standards.The American National Standards Institutes Accredited Standards Committee X12 (ANSI ASC X12) is the accepted standard for EDI transactions in the United States. The ANSI ASC X12 perpetration has the mandate to develop variable-length data formats for standard business transactions. The committee was accredited in 1980, and the X12 standard has been evolving ever since. One of the requirements placed on the committee was and is to intimidate the standard open to inter-industry applications. This requirement makes the standard more complex than an industry-specific standard, but the advantages easily over bonk the disadvantage of complexity.With a single st andard, a business has eightfold functionality and only has to use one standard for each business function. The International Standards Organization (ISO), an organization within the United Nations, has developed the EDI standard that is used in Europe. The Electronic Document Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transportation (EDIFACT) is the UN standard that the whole world has agreed to eventually adopt. The actual instruction execution of EDIFACT within the U. S. has been moving at a snails pace. Everyone agrees that EDIFACT is the international standard.Security One of the major roles provided by the data communications technology is the ability to apply security to EDI transactions so that the transactions will not be tampered with or observed, depending on the level of security needed. Confidentiality Confidentiality requires that all communications between parties are restricted to the parties involved in the transaction. This confidentiality is an essential comp onent in user privacy, as well as in protection of proprietary information and as a deterrent to theft of information services.Confidentiality is concerned with the self-appointed viewing of confidential or proprietary data that one or both of the trading partners does not want known by others. Confidentiality is provided by encryption. encryption is the scrambling of data so that it indecipherable to anyone except the intended recipient. Encryption prevents snoopers, hackers, and other prying eyes from viewing data that is ancestral over telecommunications channels. Data one Data sent as part of a transaction should not be modifiable in transit. Similarly, it should not be possible to modify data in storage.Data integrity is a guarantee that what was sent by the sender is actually what is received by the receiver. This is necessary if there is a need to hold that the data has not been changed either inadvertently or maliciously. However, authentication schemes do not hide data from prying eyes. Providing data integrity is generally bunglesome and not used unless one of the trading partners requires it. The normal mechanism for acquiring data integrity is for the sender to run an algorithm against the data that is being transmitted and to transmit the result of the algorithm separately from the transmission.Upon receipt of the transmission, the receiver runs the identical algorithm and then compares the results. If the results are identical, then data has not been modified. Examples of EDI implementation EDI for the automotive Industry EDI has been in use across the automotive industry for over forty years. The smooth running of todays car production lines verify on the seamless exchange of business documents between the car manufacturers and their supply chain. Many of the business processes used in the manufacture of todays cars were developed from a production system devised by Toyota in Japan.A second of best practices were developed around the Toy ota Production System, for example Just-In-Time and Lean Manufacturing. JIT and Lean Manufacturing processes are central to the smooth running of many production lines around the world and EDI provides a fast and efficient way to transfer business documents in order to support these types of manufacturing processes. Providing visibility of inventory levels and notification of when shipments are due to arrive at the production line are critical to making JIT and Lean manufacturing processes a success.The global nature of the automotive industry means that it is grand for car manufacturers to be able to onboard their suppliers as quickly as possible, no matter where they may be based around the World. Many car manufacturers have established a manufacturing presence in for example Eastern Europe, Brazil and China and it is important to ensure that suppliers located in these regions are able to exchange EDI documents as smoothly as possible.ICT skills across low cost or acclivitous ma rkets are traditionally very low therefore the car manufacturers must ensure that they can provide simple to use EDI tools that allow even the smallest suppliers to be able to trade electronically. Due to the global nature of the automotive industry, there are numerous communications and document standards in use today, along with a number of regional specific EDI networks. EDI for the Financial Services IndustryThe success of the monetary services industry relies on its ability to process payables and receivables, as well as manage investments and loans on behalf of its customers both retail and wholesale. For years many of these processes were manual and paper intensive. However, the introduction of EDI has allowed the financial services industry to automate many of the transactions required to transmit payment and remittance data from one party to another. As a result of the economic upheaval of the past few years, the world has come to recognize and appreciate the interdependen t nature of the global financial infrastructure.The financial supply chain has become a reality for global business as buyers from one geography rely on goods from suppliers based in other regions that utilize different currencies and are governed by different regulations. EDI provides not only low cost alternative to traditional paper-based payment methodologies but also enables organizations to realize faster, more accurate and more flexible payment structures in the course of doing business. EDI enables the copious alignment of the financial supply chain with the movements of the physical supply chain.A fully automated financial supply chain enables the seamless, accurate and timely exchange of financial documents between buyers, suppliers and their financial institutions. With EDI an organization can electronically transfers funds from one bank account to another designated bank account or counterparty. Electronic payments are processed to allow organizations to have access to funds more quickly and with fewer exceptions or delays due to human error. EDI for the High Tech IndustryEDI has been in use across the spicy tech industry for many years. The high tech value chain has become very complex with many high tech companies relying on external partners to help design and manufacture their products. Due to the nature of the high tech industry there has been a desire to try and exchange business transactions electronically, more so than many other industry sectors. The high tech industry is very consumer driven which has meant that high tech supply chains have had to become flexible to changing consumer demands.There has also been an increasing demand for introducing Vendor Managed Inventory systems to ensure that retailers have the correct levels of inventory to support for example new product launches or seasonal fluctuations in consumer demand. For this reason inventory visibility across retail networks and multi modal logistics networks is important fo r both the high tech companies and their trading partner community. Many high tech companies have globalised their operations to take advantage of low cost suppliers in many of the emerging markets around the world.This has meant that the high tech manufacturing companies have had to ensure that they can trade electronically with suppliers in any country around the world, even those with limited ICT connect skills . EDI Stages of Implementation Many companies implement electronic data exchange as part of their customer-supplier partnerships. Both the customers and suppliers expect to gain operational and competitive benefits. A joining exists between the level of implementation of EDI and the associated benefits. Benefits from EDI for a supplier company appear limited unless the company reaches an advanced stage of EDI implementation.In this stage the customer and the supplier openly sharing information on demand patterns, inventory levels, and planned production. Achieving this l evel of implementation is a significant challenge for those professionals involved in EDI installations. The implementation stages for supplier companies using EDI are * Stage 1, EDI is used for a small number of transactions with one trading partner. Some documents are handled electronically, while all others are completed manually. Electronic documents are manually entered into the MRP planning system.The benefits include reductions in paperwork, reductions in time spent sorting and filing mailed documents, reductions in gossip errors, faster response time and standardized information. * Stage 2, EDI is used with two or more customers for a small number of transactions. The extent of implementation relates to the wad of business transacted through EDI. The additional benefits include reductions in inventory, reductions in lead time, and improve customer relations. * Stage 3, EDI technology is integrated into the MRP planning system to update transaction-driven information withou t additional data entry. Stage 4, EDI is integrated with customers to the extent that the firm can inquire into a customers database for information such as inventory status and shipments. * Stage 5, EDI transactions are found in all functions of the business organization quality control, engineering, manufacturing, marketing and accounting. As new benefits the cost reduction and efficient business operations, effective use of personnel assigned to new tasks. Conclusions EDI is well established as effective technology got reducing costs and increasing efficiency.EDI technologies are approximately the same age as Internet technologies. In the past, the technologies have been mutually exclusive, but this is rapidly changing. As the two technological communities begin to merge and as the business community sees the advantages of this merger, EDI and the Internet will eventually become everywhere. The implementation level affects the benefits companies can expect from installing EDI. At early stages of implementation, companies can expect only those benefits that result from improvements in the transaction process.As planning systems are linked, companies can expect improvements in lead time, reductions in inventory, and other benefits derived from sharing information with their customers and suppliers. EDI represents a specific class of inter-organizational systems, and the concept carries with it a unique set of strategic and implementation considerations. The most significant and, heretofore, most unmarked factor in determining the effective use of EDI is the organizations ability to manage the changes in structure and work processes that must attend the implementation of this technology.EDI development is a process that takes time and patience, and those who start first have the best chance of staying ahead of the competition if they recognize that EDI involves a continuous process of change. There is no end to organizational change in this era of rapidly evo lving information technology. References * Bort, R. , and Bielfeldt, G. R. Handbook of EDI. Boston, Massachusetts Warren, Gorham and Lamont. * Canis, R. J. , Value-added networks What to look for now and in the future. throng Proceedings EDI 2000 EDI, Electronic Commerce, and You (pp. 141-157). * Kimberley, P. (1991). EDI.New York McGraw-Hill. * Sawabini, S. (1995). Introduction to EDI. Conference Proceedings EDI 2000 EDI, EC, and You, (pp. 1-36). * Sokol, P. K. (1995). From EDI to EC A Business Initiative. New York McGraw-Hill. * Rhonda R. Lummus, The Evolution to Electronic Data Interchange Benefits in the stages of implementation. primordial Missouri State University. Warrensburg, Missouri. * Callahan, Daniel K. The Impacts of Electronic Integration on Buyers and Suppliers. Masters Thesis, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge * Business Is Turning Data Into A Potent Strategic Weapon, Business Week

A Study on Risk Management in Banking Industry Essay

Risk management is relatively tender and emerging behave as far as Indian banks atomic number 18 concerned and has been proved that its a mirror of efficient corporate governance of a financial institution. Globalization and significant controversy between foreign and domestic banks, survival and optimizing returns are very crucial for banks and financial institutions. However, selecting the efficient guest and providing innovative and value added financial products and services are another paramount factors.In a mercurial and dynamic grocery store place for achieving sustainable business growth and conductholders value, it is essential to pullulate a link between bumps and rewards of all products and services of the bank. Hence, the banks should have efficient take a chance management textile to mitigate all internal and external ventures. The objective of this study is to envisage ideal framework of bank-wide risk management for Indian Banks. The presence of accurate m easures of bank-wide risk management behave increase shareholders returns and allows the risk-taking behavior of bank to be more closely aligned with strategical objectives. Bank-wide risk management practice should aim to enhance the drivers of shareholders value such as 0 Growth1 Risk adjusted performance measurement2 Consistency of earnings and3 Quality and transparentness of management.The important steps of the efficient framework of banking concern should ensure all risks are identified, prioritized, quantified, controlled and managed in tell to achieve an optimal risk-reward profile. This entails ideal and dedicated coordination of risk management across the banks mixed business units. However, the approach to monitoring and enforcing the adherence of business units within the bank may vary. The factors that influence this purpose are 4 The feasibility decisions of the business unit. 5 The regulatory requirements in respect of the business unit. 6 The cost of effective m onitoring and controlling steps. Risk management is a line function that needs to be addressed by each individual cost center and business unit. However, a alter bank-wide risk management framework has certain advantages for the Bank.The advantages are 7 Improving capital efficiency by providing an objective basis for allocating resources reducing expenditures on immaterial risks and exploring natural hedges and portfolio effects 8 Supporting sensible decision making by uncovering areas of high potential adverse impact on drivers of share value, and identifying and exploiting areas of risk-based advantage context. 9 Building investor confidence by establishing a process to stabilize results by defend them from disturbances, and demonstrating proactive risk stewardship 10 Define cost and profitability centers11 Profitability and cost storage allocation on customer, product, services and branch wide approximately of the banks do not have dedicated risk management team, policy, p rocedures and framework in place. Those banks have risk management department, the risk managers intention is restricted to pre-fact and post-fact analysis of customers credit and there is no segregation of credit, market, operational and strategic risks. at that place are few banks have articulated framework and risk quantification. However, the outputs are far from the hard put or actual losses due to usage of un-compatible implications.The traditional lending practices, assessment of credits, handling of market risks *, treasury functionality and culture of risk-rewards are hauls of public sector banks. Where as private sector banks and financial institutions are some-what better in this context.The sheer size and wide coverage of banks is a big hurdle to combine and generate a cost effective real time operational data for mapping the risks. Most of the financial institutions processes are encircled to functional silos follows bureaucratic structure and yet to come up with a transparent and appropriate corporate governance structure to achieve the stated strategic objectives.CONCLUSIONThere are many banks like HSBC, Citibank, Deutsche bank have bank-wide risk management practice which contributed in their globular success whereas banks and institutions like Sumitomo Corp, Barings, Bank of America, CSFB and UTI have failed due to lack of efficient bank-wide risk management practice (compliance and operational risks). So the above comments emphasis the necessity of having bank-wide risk management to achieve the stated strategic objectives in a competitive, volatile and dynamic market conditions in an emerging Indian economy. We believe the above-described bank-wide risk management framework is easy workable, cost effective and efficient process without any hassles or hurdle race of high-tech tools and techniques

Nordstrom vs. Macy’s

Nordstroms vs. Macys Future Challenges Historically speaking, Canada has never been a bulky market for American retailers. The Canadian dollar was weak, costs were higher, and with limited real estate development, it was difficult to come upon space. Not any much than(prenominal), now the door to Canada is opening goodr than ever thanks to a stronger Canadian dollar, a relatively robust economy, and a loosening of the commercial real estate market, in part beca wasting disease of the downsizing of al around longtime retailers like Sears Canada.For American retailers, Canadas allure is simple sales per squ are foot at Canadian malls were almost 50 percent higher in 2011 than sales per square foot at American malls. This is a budding market that Nordstrom will need to act towards if they hope to keep up with the competition in the future. Important Decisions Nordstroms has made many very important decisions in the medieval that generate shaped them into the company they are t oday. The first and most important came in 1901 when founder toilet W.Nordstrom decided to use the money he had left from the gold rush to open a garment store in Seattle with Carl Wallin, called Wallin & Nordstrom. The next big decision came in 1966 when it was decided that the Nordstroms shoe store in Portland would begin selling clothing as well. This marked a pivotal change in committal for Nordstroms. After the success of the Portland store, it was decided to implement the idea in the other stores. In the 1980s Nordstroms experienced a boom. This was due to many factors but one of the most prevalent was their amazing use of customer support.Over almost anyone else Nordstroms prides itself on having some of, if not the best, customer support. This is helped by them recruiting managers from the ranks of salespeople thereby encouraging their employees to work harder while maintaining high moral. Nordstrom, along with the retail industry, sources products from around the world , and this means they encounter a wide range of global challenges. Many of these challengessuch as coerce labor and health and safety issuesare cause for very real concern for all retailers. To address these concerns, Nordstrom created the Nordstrom Social Responsibility team in 1994.This team works closely with their Nordstrom Product Group (NPG) manufacturers and vendors to ensure that Nordstrom-label products are made in conformism with all applicable laws and ethical labor practices. Past Challenges Single-digit issue became the norm for Nordstrom through out(a) the former(a) and mid-1990s. sales grew sluggish thanks in large part to fluctuations in demand for womens apparel and the severe deferral in southern California, where more than half of the companys total store square footage was located in the early years of the decade. The double-digit growth of the 1980s was gone.The sales increases of the 1990s were largely attributable to new store openings. By 2003 after sev eral changes in management Nordstrom appeared to have regained its lost luster through cost containment, applied science initiatives, and a refocusing on its niche luxury goods at affordable prices. Some analysts considered technology to be the key component, particularly a new state-of-the-art merchandising system, which began to be rolled out in 2002. The system could track sales minute by minute throughout its stores, enabling Nordstrom to reduce markdowns and crack target its offerings to customers.On the merchandise side, the retailer began introducing edgier fashion offerings in a department called via C, in an attempt to supplement its core customer base, which was younger and had a wider age range than its main competitors, Neiman-Marcus Co. and Saks Incorporated. Nordstrom enjoyed its most profitable year ever in 2003. Nordstroms continued reliance on aggressive sales tactics came around to bite them in late 1980s. The employees union (which was later decertified) compla ined about the pressure on employees to sell.In late 1989 a group of unionized employees charged that they were not being paid for performing extra services to customers. In February 1990, after a three-month investigation, the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries alleged that the company had systematically go against state laws by failing to pay employees for a variety of duties, such as delivering merchandise and doing document work. The agency ordered Nordstrom to change its compensation and record-keeping procedures, and to pay back wages to some of Nordstroms 30,000 employees.Soon after, the firm created a $15 million reserve to pay back-wage claims. The company, however, remained a target of class-action lawsuits on these matters, which were finally settled out of court in early 1993 when Nordstrom agreed to pay a set percentage of compensation to employees who worked at Nordstrom from 1987 to 1990. The settlement cost the company between $20 million and $30 mil lion. Specific Competitive Advantages mavin specific competitive advantage Macys holds over Nordstroms is its target demographic.While Nordstroms focuses mainly on career moms between the ages of 35 and 50, Macys recently launched Millennial strategy states that its merchandise areas primarily serve ages 19-30. The millennial generation (ages 13-30) is now Americas largest and most diverse generation, spending an estimated $65 cardinal each year for the type of merchandise sold at Macys. A much larger demographic gives Macys a competitive advantage. On the other hand, Nordstroms has a unadorned advantage over Macys when it comes to customer loyalty and social-oriented traffic.Macys and Nordstroms have been largely based in malls for decades, but recently, malls have become less popular in the United States. As a result, both companies have been forced to open free-standing stores in scattered locations in a community. Since Nordstroms has a slightly older demographic with more bu ying power and need for social status through brands, loyal customers of Nordstroms will be more willing to travel to shop there. Macys, who targets a younger demographic, has less loyal customers with buying power and relies more on impulse buyers and young mall-goers looking to spend a little extra money.Comparative Statistics In 2011, Macys boasted $26. 4 billion in net sales. That figure has grown steadily since the economic crash of 2008. Nordstroms showed $10. 8 billion in net sales in the same year. Again, this figure has grown steadily since the economic downturn. Macys has a whopping 171,000 employees. Nordstroms has only 52,430 employees as of 2011. With Macys being a much larger chain, this difference is to be expected. Macys operates cd stores in 33 states as of the year ended 2012. Currently, Nordstroms operates 109 stores in 28 states.In May of 2007, Macys reached its pinnacle of prosperity in terms of market shares value and profitability. Its common stock price was valued at 45. 05 and handicraft was looking up. Surprisingly, by October of the next year, the stock price had plummeted as low as 7. 42 as the company struggled to stay afloat and fight through the crippling recession. Today, the stock has recovered to 41. 71, and is predicted to continue its growth. Nordstroms, however, has shown more resilience through the recession. While it still fell from 55. 1 to 11. 37 in 2008, it has shot up to rates above its previous record. With the stock price as high as 57. 2 in the past year, Nordstrom shows a stronger trend of increase than Macys. Summary We recommend investing in Nordstrom over Macys. With Nordstroms forecasted growth and success in Canadian markets, we expect Nordstrom to grow consistently for years to come. While Macys size and net income are attractive, we feel that Nordstrom has a better management structure and potential for growth in coming years.

Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis

The five patterns of the raising cover model include Needs Analysis physique Design Phase Development Phase writ of execution Phase, and the Evaluation Phase. The Needs Analysis Phase is to determine each employees require and ask What do we want our employees to get out of the program? This phase will champion identify the difference between comparing the fraternitys current results to the companys expected organizational performances. The performance infract is one way to figure out what is best require in the readiness process of the company.Our school text states that the unavoidably psycho outline phase begins when in that location is a performance problem within the organization. Examples of this problem superpower be lack of quality, customer dissatisfaction, or reduced profits. If the identified problem is related to employee association, skills, or attitudes, and then a raising choose is indicated. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) It is much less costly to obligate a gap analysis prep ard than to guess at what the call for are before the training objectives begin.The Design Phase is where the needs of the training objectives are created along with the factors needed to facilitate schooling through content delivery. This assessment of needs can be linked to the information and then used to create the new curriculum of the program objectives. These provide specific direction for what will be trained and how. The phase of design should exclusivelyow us to begin to think about our running(a) considerations to the program. We may ask ourselves how the delivery of the program is going to bewitch the business operations in the foresee sufficient future. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The Development Phase is described as the process of formulating an instructional strategy to meet a set of training objectives as well as obtaining or creating all the things that are needed to implement the training program. In this stage the materials used can be movies, games, optical aids, etc. The trainer needs to be sure they save the trainees fully engaged with activities to ensure the knowledge is retained.With updated materials and revamping of statistical data the trainees should be able to stay focused and interested in the program. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) In the Implementation Phase, all the aspects of the training program come together, and the training demonstrablely takes place. Some important things to keep in mind are what practices will be discussed potential leadership skills addressing classroom rules and class expectations required, and arrive at on hand, a feedback form for the trainees to fill out at the break off of the program.The Evaluation Phase consists of two types of evaluations. First, the process evaluation determines how well a particular process achieved its objectives. Like, did the trainer follow the submit training process suggested? Second, is the outcome evaluation, which is conduc ted at the end of the training to determine the effects of training on the trainee, the tune, and the organization? Furtherto a greater extent, if the outputs of the program were less than expected, then changes to the program may be necessary.Companies should establish a arrogant evaluation process to enhance the effectiveness of the training. The company really needs to determine, through the evaluation phase whether the training enhanced employees performance or the companys performance as expected. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The end results focus on both the evaluation process combined with the training unit and has a effect picture of the training from needs analysis to training techniques. It furnishes information about the trainer, and measures learners outcomes through reaction, learning, behavior, and results. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) Identify triplet factors that might inhibit HRD managers from developing a strategic planning approach to training. suggest how the se three factors might be overcome. Some factors that may inhibit a HRD manager from developing a strategic plan could be the lack of motivation to participate in new learning tasks a lack of funding available a lack of clarity on the role of HRD and perhaps not enough time available for new development in the company. It is important for every(prenominal) Company in business to be aware of certain factors in order to accomplish their goals successfully. Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) Overcoming some of these negative factors perchance the HRD manager needs to ensure that their HR teams is open and committed to the highest training expectations that are available to every employees success. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The company should be totally committed by financing the proper training that is needed for the future success of the company as a whole. What a business puts into the investment of their employees, are nigh likely to surface motivated success for the company.The HRD should clearly clarify exactly what their role is going to entail, set from the start, so there will be full understanding of each employees expectations. The company needs to dedicate sufficient amount of time each year for the proper training of its employees. Dedication of the company is just as important as the employees dedicating their KSA to the company. Compare and contrast the behaviorist and the cognitive approaches to learning. inform which is more relevant to training. Behaviorist approaches to learning usually are focused on people who have specific observable behaviors or habits that they want to change. After understanding the principles of learning, they may even be able to modify their avow behavior. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010)The Cognitive approaches are concerned with the thought process these people focus on changing the way they think. Our text explains that the cognitive approach suggests that the learner controls learning, and they may come to training wi th their own set of goals and priorities. Whereas the behaviorist come to training with a specific goal and believe the environment controls the learning outcome. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The two definitely are different in ways, but behavioral and cognitive approaches are be used in the same multimedia application. Both involve analysis, decomposition, and simplification of tasks in order to energize instruction easier and more efficient (Jonassen, 1991). Both use devices to arouse, attract, and focus attention. Both force learner work through interactive decision-making points in the material. Both give importance to intrinsic feedback, though it may be expressed in voluntary help or advice options in applications with cognitive design.Both value pregnant learning and realistic contexts for application of knowledge and skills (Atkins, 1993). It is my opinion both are equally relevant to the training programs, depending on which approach one wants to take. Fully explain the purpose of a training needs analysis (TNA). Argue the conditions under which a TNA is always necessary, and offer two examples when a TNA might not be required. The purpose of a training needs analysis is to close a gap between what the actual organizational performances are and what the expected organizational performance should be.The TNA is represented as having a triggering event, an input stage, a process stage, and finally an output phase. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The input phase consists of three levels of analysis the organizational analysis focuses on organizational strategies, resources, resource allocation, and the internal environment. The analysis of the organizations internal environment will help to identify the cause of the organizational performance gap, and will help to decide if training is the appropriate cure. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The usable analysis examines the specific jobs to determine and what KSA are necessary to get the job done. This process is known as job analysis, which is a detailed examination of all of the job tasks. Once the tasks are identified, then a decision can be made as to what KSAs are necessary to do the job competently. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The operational analysis examines specific jobs to determine and what KSA are necessary to get the job done. This process is known as job analysis, and it is a very detailed examination of all of the job tasks.Once the tasks are identified, then a decision can be made as to what KSAs are necessary to do the job competently. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The person analysis is the final stage that actually focus on those in the job who are not meeting the performance requirements. Data on individual employees may come from a chip of data sources, but the two most common sources are performance appraisals and efficiency tests. By incorporating the three levels of analysis, organizational, operational, and person, the identification of the performance gap shoul d be complete.From here decisions can be made as to whether a training need or a non-training need has been identified. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) The TNA is always necessary when the organization notices performance problems, because they need to know what the causes are, so they can be corrected in a timely manner. For most training situations, use of the TNA will increase the relevance and effectiveness of the training. It ensures wise use of training funds, delivers the appropriate training to the right people, and contributes to the fulfillment of organizational goals. Diversity, language, retirement, and turnovers are all factors that might contribute to a performance gap. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010) concord to chapter 4 in our text TNA might not be necessary when an organization is trying to give out a new vision or address a legal concern, which would include all employees to be present in the training program. When the organization has decided to conduct team building skills for a more positive performance outcome all employees will be trained in this case there is no need for a TNA to be done. (Blanchard / Thacker, 2010)ReferenceBlanchard N. & Thacker J. (2010) Effective Training Systems, Strategies, and Practices, Pearson Education, Inc. / Prentice Hall, Upper institutionalise River, New Jersey Martin G. L. & Pear J. (2002) Behavior Modification What It Is and How to Do It, 7th ed. New York Prentice-Hall, Retrieved on April 25, 2011 from http//www.ryerson.ca/glassman/behavior.html SBI contend a TNA to test and find out if training is the best solution Retrieved April 25, 2011 from http//www.leopard-learning.com/tna.html Jonassen, D.H. (1991). Objectivism versus constructivism Do we need a new philosophical paradigm? Educational Technology Research and Development, 39(3), 5-14. Atkins, M.J. (1993). Theories of learning and multimedia applications An overview. Research papers in Education, 8(2), 251-271.Retreived on April 25, 2011 from http// www.ct4me.net/multimedia_design.htm